Social Bias free essay sample

Social Bias Paper There are numerous types of social inclination in which individuals separate and carry on distinctively towards different gatherings and societies. This paper subtleties out the ideas of preference, generalizing, and separation. These ideas assume a significant job with the idea of social predisposition. Critical contrasts among inconspicuous and conspicuous inclination is talked about. The effects that predisposition practices can have on others is point by point in this paper. At long last, arrangements that guide with beating social inclinations are given. The Concept of Social BiasThe idea of social predisposition is characterized as â€Å"prejudicial mentalities toward specific gatherings, races, genders, or religions, including the cognizant or oblivious articulations (Education. com, Inc. , 2011)†. There is a distinction between biased perspectives and discriminative mentalities. A case of social predisposition would be if one somehow managed to accept that every single Muslim American are connected to the Taliban bringing about dreadful and irate considerations. In spite of the fact that these are simply musings, in light of the fact that the considerations are not turning out to be activities, this is named social inclination. We will compose a custom paper test on Social Bias or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In the event that the contemplations were to become activities, at that point this would be a type of discrimination.Discrimination is when individuals carry on a specific route towards others dependent on their way of life. Idea: Prejudice The idea of preference is characterized as ones assessment of another before increasing the entirety of the subtleties. Partiality is regularly rehearsed over the world. One communicates bias practices when they are awkward about things that dislike their own self. Bias practices are competent at home, in families, in workplaces, in social settings, etc†¦ A case of preference is like the announcement â€Å"don’t judge a book by its cover†.People will pass judgment on others by how they see others before picking up information on the others being broke down. America has become a socially different nation. By society advancing different societies, giving training on different societies, and by the enormous increment in the assorted populace, bias is diminishing. â€Å"Schools and organizations progressively use partiality decrease mediations, which regularly underscore 1 of 3 ideas: participation, political resilience, or regard. † (Blincoe Harris, 2009) Concept: StereotypingStereotyping alludes to one who will place others into a specific order dependent on how they see the individual. Many will be generalized by others experiencing childhood in schools. A case of generalizing is when society puts an individual in a specific arrangement, for example, â€Å"blue collar†, â€Å"class-a†, â€Å"preferred†, class-b†, â€Å"poor†, â€Å"rich†, â€Å"democrat†, â€Å"republican†, etc†¦Classifications can likewise be founded on ethnicity, sex, sexual orientation inclination, culture, religion, etc†¦ Concept: Discrimination contrasts from partiality and generalizing in which one will act or act dependent on their predisposition musings of another.An case of separation is the point at which one will abstain from rendering help to another on the grounds that they look a specific way. On account of Wendy Norville, â€Å"Norville was a dark medical attendant who claimed that the emergency clinic where she worked had victimized her by refus[ing] to oblige her inability notwithstanding having made occupation facilities for two impaired white medical attendants (Goldberg, 2011). There are laws executed in work puts that are planned as a safeguard from discriminative activities. Society has its own suppositions with regards to what is worthy or not, and right now, society is grasping assorted variety which helps in decreasing segregation. Contrasts: Subtle and Blatant Bias The contrasts among unpretentious and glaring inclination is best clarified utilizing models. A case of inconspicuous predisposition is the point at which one communicates their conviction as Jehovah Witness’ that solitary they will rising to Heaven. This gathering of individuals will stand glad for their conviction, yet they are not radical about it. A case of explicit inclination is the rule of Hitler, when one will hurt another or go about as a radical against others to help their conviction or culture. Effect of Bias on Lives of Individuals There is a huge effect of predisposition on the lives of individuals.When one is thinking or carrying on in an inclination way towards another, the other individual is by and large genuinely or truly hurt dependent on ones predisposition musings. The individual reasoning and responding in an inclination way is communicating animosity and expanding tension and numerous other contrary wellbeing indicatio ns, just as conduct wellbeing designs, as the individual keeps on communicating such predisposition considerations and practices. This procedure can without much of a stretch become a propensity if not appropriately controlled. The model recently gave in on a little individual scale.This can be taken a gander at an a lot bigger scope when enormous populaces of individuals are included. This can without much of a stretch outcome in numerous individuals having negative contemplations identified with their self-idea, self-esteem, discouragement, tension, etc†¦ This can bring about hurtful fierce practices in which one is stoned in light of the fact that they are of a specific sexual orientation inclination. On a positive note, inclination prompts the spot light being attracted to a related circumstance happening. As the populace in America has developed, there has been a huge increment of spot light on minority groups.Over the years, this has all helped in the unification of a various society. Should predisposition have never been perceived or learned, at that point laws to forestall practices, for example, stoning others due to the race and consuming others in light of their religion has been executed in. Procedure: Overcome Social Biases One technique to conquer social predisposition is to participate in instruction, network administrations, get-togethers, etc†¦ Through information and experience one will teach themselves to expand adequacy and decrease social bias.Museums, occasions, media, etc†¦ these are for the most part brilliant advertising and showcasing methodologies which has helped in the unification of such an enormous various nation. Through rehearsing socially tolerating practices one will abstain from winding up in a muddled circumstance wherein social inclination will set in through musings or activities. Decision Social inclination is a tremendous piece of worldwide history. It is communicated in types of preference, segregation, and generalizin g. America has become such a huge assorted nation, and it is exceptionally gainful having rules and laws which actualize in security against such practices.

Maria Montessori Language Arts Rationale Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Maria Montessori Language Arts Rationale - Essay Example A kid figures out how to tune in by hearing the different sounds that the grown-ups around him and furthermore figures out how to talk by mimicking the different sounds that the grown-ups make around him.as Maria Montessori stated: There are three fundamental regions where youngsters are set up for perusing and composing. The first is physical abilities where a kid figures out how to adjust utilizing their hands and coordination of the hand and the eye works. The youngster additionally figures out how to focus and spotlight on the useful issues of life, perceiving sizes and shapes, working with paints, pastels, pencils and practice in talking. The second expertise that a kid learns is the psychological aptitudes where the kid figures out how to ingest and how to utilize language and how to gain proficiency with the sounds that each letter of the letters in order makes. This can be made simple by messing around to separate words into sounds (Montessori, 2010). The third aptitudes are the social abilities where individuals living in homes plunk down and have discussions as opposed to viewing the TV or utilizing the PC to learn language. A directress would realize that a kid is prepared to get familiar with a sound in the event that they attempt to rehash what has been said to them by a grown-up around them. The kid will likewise be causing sounds on their own that they to have heard previously. Sounds are instructed to youngsters by rehashing the sounds again and again until the kid can separate it from different sounds. In learning the various sounds, he kid is shown the different hints of the various letters of the letter set. There are various standards for the letters and youngsters are open towards rules. Along these lines, they are first shown the standards than the various hints of the letters of the letters in order (Montessori, 1909). The youngster is shown the phonetic words first and once they have aced the phonetic piece of the letter sets, they are next instructed the non-phonetic piece of the language where there are no guidelines at all. A kid figures out how to mix sounds by learning the person

Commonly Confused Words

Commonly Confused Words English is not an easy language to master. There are words that sound alike, are spelled alike, but have totally different meanings. Its always important to use the correct word since using the incorrect one will have people doubting your intelligence. Teachers can tell you firsthand that anytime they spell a word wrong on the board, it is the only time when all students pay attention. Everyone is quick to point out mistakes, so it is best not to give them ammunition. Study this article closely and you will be using the right words in the correct situation without giving all the haters in the world a chance to bring you down! Lose and Loose This is easily two of the most commonly confused words in the English language. I notice well-educated people on social media who gets these words mixed up. Loose is almost always an adjective. Lose is a verb every time. These two words, while commonly misused, should be easy to decipher which one is correct for your sentence. Look at the examples down below for a bit more guidance. The man had lost so much weight that his pants were becoming loose. Did your team win or lose the softball game? Than and Then The word than is used for the sake of comparing something. Then is used for sequencing. However, once again, these two get switched around frequently. Below are examples of the proper way to use them. The tree is taller than the house. First I went to the park, then I went to go get ice cream. Whos and Whose Everyone should know that an apostrophe in a word means that it is either a contraction or it is showing possession of something. Whos is a contraction that is short for who is. Whose is a possessive pronoun. Whos that boy that is holding hands with Anna? Jack, whose house is the nicest one on the street, is having a birthday party this weekend. Shouldve and Should of The phrase shouldve is a contraction consisting of the two words should and have. Unfortunately, people mistakenly write it wrong on a consistent basis. Down below I have an example of the wrong way and the right way to use these. WRONG:  I should of gone to the store today. CORRECT:  I shouldve gone to the store today. Advice and Advise Once again, the parts of speech of these two words are different, so it can definitely assist you in figuring out which one to use. Advice is a noun and advise is a verb. Check out the two sentences below to get a better grasp on which one to use. The parent offered advice to their young daughter on choosing the right college. The parents advised their daughter not to date the troubled young man. Affect and Effect These two words are so commonly switched for one another that sometimes it goes unnoticed. However, by taking a moment, it can be simple to determine which word should be used. Affect is usually a verb and effect is usually a noun. Remember that all sentences must have a subject and a verb, otherwise, it is an incomplete sentence. When the doorbell rings, it affects my dog greatly! The effects in the movie were amazing. Literally No other word has been murdered as much as the word literally. Literally means that something actually happened. The word that should be used in its place most of the time is figuratively. Lets look at some of the ways literally was misused. My heart was literally beating out of my chest. No. No, it wasnt. You would be dead now and wouldnt be able to use the word literally so wrongly. Just because you like to ramp up the drama, that doesnt mean you get to butcher the English language. I am so hungry that I could literally eat a horse. I seriously doubt it. Hooves and everything? Not going to happen. Simmer down on the dramatic phrasing and tell us how hungry you actually are. Below is an example of how literally could be used correctly. The Titanic, the supposed unsinkable ship, literally sank on its first voyage. Do you see how it is stating a fact? Lets cool it with the exaggerated use of literally. Literally. Accept and Except I can accept how people confuse these two words, except when they are English majors.  Did you see what I did there? I used both words correctly in the same sentence. Genius! Accept is a verb that means willing or agreeing to. Except is a preposition that means excluding. These words sound exactly the same, but the definition of the two are almost complete opposites. I will gladly accept cash or credit card. My team has won all of our games, except one. Ironic I blame Alanis Morissette for the incorrect way that this word is often used. (In fact, when it is convenient, I blame Alanis Morissette for all my problems. Its just easier that way.) If it is raining on your wedding day, then that is not really ironic. Its coincidental at best. Maybe bad luck at worst? But there is not any irony there. If you have just met the man of your dreams, and he introduces you to his beautiful wife, then that again is not ironic. Perhaps it is bad timing. It would be ironic, however, if a man deathly afraid of flying takes his first flight ever and the plane crashes and he dies. Irony might be choking to death on a daily vitamin. There are several examples of true irony when you really put your mind to it. Isnt it ironic that Morissette wrote a song titled Ironic and there were not really any true examples of irony in it? To, Too, and Two All three of these words are homophones. They sound exactly the same but have a different meaning. Two, of course, is referring to how many of something. There are two dogs at my house. Now we are left with to and too. To means to be going somewhere or moving towards something. We went to the store to buy a gallon of milk. And now there is one. The word too means also or very. I was too nervous to ask the pretty girl on a date. There, Their, and Theyre Again, these words all homophones, but their definitions are different. The word there means a location. Go over there and grab me a sandwich. Theyre is a contraction of they and are. Theyre looking at houses to buy in the city. Lastly, the word their means something belongs to them. Their dog was a mixture of schnauzer and terrier. By, Bye, and Buy I thought it was appropriate to wrap up the article with this last one. The boy band N Sync sang their song Bye Bye Bye hoping that all of you would buy, buy, buy it. Lets break down the proper usage of these three words. I went by the park, but I didnt see anyone playing there. (by means location) My wife has a bad habit where she will buy too many shoes. (buy means purchasing) It is time to say bye because this is the end of the article. (bye means so long)

Stripped Wom Restrictions On The Female Body - 1348 Words

Stripped Woman Restrictions on the female body Bram Stoker in Dracula imagens a â€Å"proper women† by demonizing Lucy ascribing to her traits of a wanton woman; a whore of a demon. A misogynistic attitude is popular in a patriarchal society especially in the middle of the nineteenth century. On the other hand, Mina although is praised; Stoker unconsciously ties in her behavior that may resemble a woman of propriety she is the very bane of what a progressive woman looks like when looking at her through a gynocritics lens. To prepare the reader for the ideology of the â€Å"new and proper woman,† Stoker gives Dr. Steward and Van Helsing separate spheres from that of Lucy’s and Mina’s Character. In chapter fifteen, they are now experts in the dealings and explanation of Lucy the human and Lucy the Un-Dead. As we read the chapters sixteen and seventeen it is preconditioned for us to follow the ways they are dealing with Lucy. It is justifiable to call her a v oluptuous lipped â€Å"thing† without a soul. Their credibility as learned men allow for them to penetrate a woman for the sake of her soul so she can take her place amongst angels. A woman in the nineteenth century is synonymous to the term â€Å"Angel.† Doing anything that is non-Angelic, like the suffragettes places the women to be the binary opposition to Angel; Demon. The â€Å"proper woman† is demonstrated with terminology such as; â€Å"purity, sweetness, and dainty-looking† (Dracula 211) (220). The interpretation would be considered more

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Mark Twains Huckleberry Finn Essay - 790 Words

Mark Twains Huckleberry Finn No one who has read the novel Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain can deny not seeing the faults of the civilized world that Twain so critically satires. This element of the novel plays the perfect backdrop to the thing Twain uses to compare civilization with: The ideal way of living. Every time the main characters Huck and Jim are away from the influences of the civilized world, Twain’s vision of the ideal way of living reveals itself to the reader. By observing the things that occur when Huck and Jim are in the influences of the civilized world and when they are not, we can see the vast differences that lie between these two elements. The first glimpse that we get of the†¦show more content†¦Pap, the person most responsiable for Huck’s welfare, is the person who abuses Huck the most. Even though Huck is outside of the civilized world’s grasp when he lives with Pap, this is not the freedom Huck is looking for. Pap is in every respect the exact opposite of Jim. Where Jim is caring, sensitive and fatherly towards Huck, Pap is selfish, cruel and dirty. After he fakes his own death to escape from Pap, Huck flees to Jackson Island in order not to be discovered. Jackson Island is also where Huck and Jim accidentally run into each other while running away from society. While their reasons for running away are clearly different, they decide to run away together. This is where Twains concept of the ideal way of life is first presented in the novel . They both share a common desire to find freedom, and this leads them to help each other out, despite the fact that Jim is a runaway slave and Huck is agonizing over whether to turn Jim in or not to[44-54]. The location of Huck and Jim’s hideaway in the novel changes when Huck finds out people are trying to capture Jim. Their home then turns into a raft floating on the Mississippi. On the raft, Huck and Jim view each other as equals, not as a slave and a runaway. All of their needs are met while onboard. When they get hungry, they fish. When they get bored, they talk to each other. They rely on each other and the Mississippi, with no assistance from the civilized worldShow MoreRelatedMark Twains Huckleberry Finn Essay1708 Words   |  7 PagesMark Twains Huckleberry Finn The novel is set in the 1930s in St. Petersburg, a fictitious place supposedly reminiscent of the town of Hannibal, Missouri the place where Mark Twain grew up. It follows the events in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, also of the same author. CHARACTERS Huck Finn. Huckleberry Finn or Huck Fin is the protagonist of the story. A dynamic character, he is a liar and sometimes a thief. In Tom Sawyers book, he is a vagabond with a drunkard father. In this bookRead MoreMark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay1103 Words   |  5 Pages Published in 1885, Mark Twain’s American classic, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, captured the both the hearts and hatred of its audience. While some view it as a masterpiece that successfully blended the American condition in a captivating and interesting manner, others observe it to be nothing more than racist trash. The latter is a shallow misunderstanding of the novel’s purpose and potential enlightening impact on its readers. From a more appreciative and open-minded perspective, one wouldRead MoreEssay on Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 1742 Words   |  7 PagesMark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Mark Twains classic novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, tells the story of a teenaged misfit who finds himself floating on a raft down the MississippiRead More The Outcast in Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn641 Words   |  3 PagesLife as an Outcast in Huckleberry Finn nbsp; One of the themes that has been addressed by writers since the beginning of civilization is the issue of the split between living in society and living by oneself. We see this in that peculiarly American genre of books known as road books, in which the protagonist embarks upon a long journey or period of time away from society in order to find themselves. One of the quintessential examples of this type of book is Mark Twains novel The AdventuresRead MoreThe Characterization of Slaves in Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn 1159 Words   |  5 PagesMark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn is a controversial American novel due to its uncensored depiction of racist Southern antebellum society. The novel follows a white protagonist named Huckleberry Finn and his runaway slave friend, Jim, as they adventure down the Mississippi River. Twain characterizes Jim as a typical uneducated, unsophisticated slave who is merely a piece of property, in order to expose the reality of slavery in the ant ebellum period. However, by also giving Jim a paternal role and humaneRead MoreMark TwainS The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn Is More1915 Words   |  8 PagesMark Twain s the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is more than just a condemnation of pre-civil war society and its justification of slavery. Twain also uses the novel to challenge the validity of superstition. The main characters, Huckleberry and Jim, are mere marionettes for Twain to express his censure through; he mocks them with their own fears and distortion of superstition. Twain’s representation of superstition throughout the book is indicative of his own thoughts towards the subject. TheRead More The Immature Huck Finn in Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn1723 Words   |  7 PagesThe Immature Huckleberry Finn      Ã‚  Ã‚   Maturity is not a fickle expression such as happiness or frustration, but rather an inherent quality one gains over time, such as courage or integrity. Before maturity can be expressed, the one who expresses it must have significant confidence in himself, since self-confidence is the root of maturity. Being flexible and formulating ones own opinions or ideas are aspects of maturity, but neither is possible without self-confidence. The greatest aspect ofRead More The Importance of Friendship in Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn829 Words   |  4 PagesThe Importance of Friendship in Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Aristotle was once asked what he thought friendship was. His response was, One soul inhabiting two bodies. This was the kind of relationship that Huckleberry Finn and Jim shared in Mark Twains epic novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. This novel is a tool that Mark Twain, whose real name was Samuel Langhorne Clemmons, was using to impress the great benefits of friendship upon society. However, others feelRead MoreThe Controversy Over Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn610 Words   |  3 PagesThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is a controversial book that has raised heated debates across America for the past century. It was ranked fifth most challenging books out of one hundred in the 1990s (Chadwick 2). Although this book is a hot topic, it should remain on shelves, and still be taught in schools. While Huck Finn seems to be only a book of satire, most want this book banned because it is seen as highly racial. â€Å"The reading of Huck Finn is humiliating to back studentsRead More The Final Episode of Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn3016 Words   |  13 PagesThe Great Importance of the Final Episode of Huckleberry Finn      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the things many critics of Huckleberry Finn   just cant seem to understand is the final episode of the novel where Tom returns and sidetracks Huck from his rescue of Jim through a long series of silly, boyish plans based on ideas Tom has picked up from Romantic novels, such as those of Walter Scott.   Critic Stephen Railton dismisses these final chapters as just another version of their Royal

Principles of Auditing and Assurance Services

Question: Discuss about the Principles of Auditing and Assurance Services. Answer: Introduction This study deals with auditing and ethical practices in an accounting firm. In this particular assignment, emphasis has been given on assisting students for developing critical analysis skills (Porter et al., 2014). It aligns with auditor dependence as well as issues for accepting the audit engagements. At a minimum, it means Fellowes as well as Associates for applying safeguards in section 290.177 aligning with respect to intangible assets valuation (Louwers et al., 2013). In other words, the valuation needs to be reviewed by an additional professional accountant who works as external audit team for obtaining the client acknowledgement of responsibility of financial valuation. Fellowes and Associates Chartered Accountants is one of the victorious mid-tier secretarial firm concerned with large variety of customers in and transversely the Australia. In the year 2014, Fellowes as well as Associates gains new client for HCHG (Health Care Holdings Group) for owning 100% for the business entities (Messier, 2016). Independence issues in accepting engagements After analyzing situation 1, it is noticed that one of the accountants intends for becoming a part of 2014 audit team for owning shares in HCHG. In this condition, interest of accountants is not material to him. Section AUST290.41.3 of APES 110 explains that the monetary interest in a client mostly creates self-interest threat. It is important to consider the fact that owing shares in an engagement client mainly help in creating direct financial interest (Hayes et al., 2014). As per Section 290.204, it means the auditor needs to consider the nature of financial interest for determining the threat significance as well as appropriate safeguards. In other words, matter to consider whereby shareholding is direct or indirect for acting as a role of the assurance team (Eilifsen et al. 2013) It implies that financial interest owns shares in the client company after creation of self-interest threat (Louwers et al., 2013). This particular section goes on to state for an auditor by considering nature of financial interest for determining the implication of the risk as well as suitable safeguard. Addition to that, potential issues like how material holds as well as understanding the senior managerial role in an effective way. As per 290.106, it means if a associate of the declaration Team or in case instant family member has express adherence to fiscal attention as well as material indirect financial interest (DeFond Zhang, 2014). In other words, Assurance client considers as one of the self-interest threat after creating significant evidence from elimination of threat or reduce it to given acceptance level This involves disposing the undeviating economic interest previous to individual for becoming a associate of reassurance Team (Arens et al., 2012). In other words, it relies upon disposing of indirect financial interest in remaining interest and acting as member of Assurance Team. Therefore, it requires removing of member of Assurance Team especially from assurance engagement. Self-interest threat majorly takes place when firm or an associate of the Assurance team is benefited from monetary interest as well as other self-interest disagreement from an Assurance client (Anderson et al., 2014). There are various examples of situations whereby it create threat involving limiting activities especially in case of direct monetary attention or material indirect monetary attention especially from an declaration client. In other words, financial interest in a pledge client helps in creating self-interest intimidation (Porter et al., 2014). It helps in evaluate the meaning of threat as well as suitable safeguards for eliminating the threat or reducing at given acceptance level. Therefore, it requires evaluating the role of person who is responsible to hold financial interest as well as materiality of financial interest and financial interest types (Louwers et al., 2013). The key questions arise whereby an item is material as well as degree of subjectivity especially in the valuation services (Hayes et al., 2014). As far as intangibles are considered, it is stated subjective attributes as per valuation of real property such as land as well as buildings. This means Fellowes as well as Associates for withdrawing from the audit or client for obtaining another independent valuation of intangibles (Eilifsen et al. 2013). The question arises whereby it state valuation services prior to audit engagement for accepting the activities. There is no conflict between Followers as well as Associates duties acting as valuer and auditor (Louwers et al., 2013). Therefore, for the role of (Auditors, Fellowes and Associates), it is essential for providing an opinion especially on the valuation revealed in the near future. As per APES 110 ss. 290.174 to 290.179, it addresses the potential issues surrounding the stipulation of services valuation to an declaration client (Hayes et al., 2014). The main problem arises from financial report audit for gathering evidence regarding client valuation of the assets. If an auditor provides client valuation, then the auditor requires auditing his or her own work (Eilifsen et al. 2013). Other safeguards majorly apply within valuable situations as per section 290.177 connecting: It includes an added expert accountant who was not a associate of assurance group for reviewing the job done (Louwers et al., 2013). It means confirming the audit consumer for thoughtful the fundamental assumption for assessment as well as methodology for obtaining the approval for use (Porter et al., 2014) It involves obtaining the audit client acknowledgement of responsibility resulting from work performed by audit firm (Hayes et al., 2014) It involves in making arrangements whereby personnel provides services who does not participate in the audit engagement matters (Hayes et al., 2014) Conclusion At the end of the study, it is concluded that in the future, audit team should not perform financial valuation especially for audit clients who are likely to subject of financial report audit. These are majorly immaterial in nature as well as poses low degree of subjectivity. The client may obtain another independent financial valuation as well as Fellowes and Associates after withdrawing the audit. Reference List Anderson, U. L., Gaynor, L. M., Hackenbrack, K. E., Lisic, L. L., Wu, Y. J. (2014). Comments by the Auditing Standards Committee of the Auditing Section of the American Accounting Association on PCAOB Release No. 2013-009, Proposed Rule on Improving the Transparency of Audit: Proposed Amendments to PCAOB Auditing Standards to Provide Disclosure in the Auditor's Report of Certain Participants in the Audit: Participating Committee Members. Current Issues in Auditing, 8(2), C1-C7. Arens, A. A., Elder, R. J., Beasley, M. S. (2012). Auditing and assurance services: an integrated approach. Prentice Hall. DeFond, M., Zhang, J. (2014). A review of archival auditing research. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 58(2), 275-326. Eilifsen, A., Messier, W. F., Glover, S. M., Prawitt, D. F. (2013). Auditing and assurance services. McGraw-Hill. Hayes, R., Wallage, P., Gortemaker, H. (2014). Principles of auditing: an introduction to international standards on auditing. Pearson Higher Ed. Louwers, T. J., Ramsay, R. J., Sinason, D. H., Strawser, J. R., Thibodeau, J. C. (2013). Auditing and assurance services. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Messier Jr, W. (2016). Auditing assurance services: A systematic approach. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Porter, B., Simon, J., Hatherly, D. (2014). Principles of external auditing. John Wiley Sons.

My Trip Essays - Pemberley, Pride And Prejudice, Romance Novels

My Trip The role of the visit to Pemberley by Elizabeth and the Gardiners would most closely resemble a modern visit to a museum or a tourist attraction. I remember visiting Newport, RI some time ago and visiting the Vanderbilts Mansion and the Asters Mansion on the island and touring the grounds of the estate the same way that Elizabeth and the Gardiners visited Darcys home. We viewed the rooms filled with crystal and walls made out of Marble that had been imported from Europe in awe. These excursions reminded me of millions of dollars in this world, yet at the same time, in the great scheme of life, the number of really wealthy people is small. Likewise, when we (and Elizabeth) are introduced to Pemberley, we see money like we have not seem with any of the other characters in this book. Darcys worth super exceeded any of my expectations of how rich was he really. Darcy has the power, as he later shows with the Lydia situation; he has the freedom (he goes anywhere he wants and stays there months at a time) and the social class that money as bestowed on him. The one contradiction I found has to do with the way people in Longbourn viewed Darcy once they all agreed that he was not liked. Money did not buy him their good favor like Lady Catherine and Mr. Collins. Perhaps Darcy was too modest to show his full monetary worth but the town knew that Darcy was indeed wealthy. English Essays

IM in the Workplace Harnessing the Power of the Virtual Hallway

IM in the Workplace Harnessing the Power of the Virtual Hallway Abstract The technology convergence witnessed in the 21st century has heralded a new technological communication frontier for organizations. This report specifically aims to delineate how instant messaging (IM) could be harnessed to drive the business and organizational strategies of MM’s into the future.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on IM in the Workplace: Harnessing the Power of the Virtual Hallway specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The success of MM’s has been attributed to many factors, including eye-catching and distinctive advertisements and promotions, effective employee and consumer participation and feedback, extensive marketing strategies, affordable pricing, and a broad assortment of customized product possibilities. Through a critical evaluation of existing literature, it has been demonstrated that the real-time functionality of IM, simplicity of use, unique affordances, collaboration capabil ity, and rich presence has endeared many organizations to adopt the technology. Other factors such as presence awareness, visual alerting, and capability to support multiple synchronous conversations have been highlighted as strong points for IM. Among the disadvantages, it has been noted that IM can not only turn into a productivity drain if misused, but it can open a can of worms in terms of security risks and legal issues if it is ineffectually used. IM represents one of the most rapidly proliferating communications tools that are swiftly being adopted by global organizations. A critical review of literature contained in this report demonstrates that corporate IM use is substantial and growing. Consequently, the most fundamental thing for MM’s to do is to swing into action and ensure that policies and frameworks are put in place with the aim to holistically harness the power and communication capabilities offered by IM. Introduction The technology convergence witnessed in the 21st century has heralded a new technological communication frontier for organizations as unprecedented discoveries and innovations continue to bombard the global business scene with a panorama of communication technologies aimed at establishing and sustaining the groundwork for organizations to meet their business goals and objectives.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Business leaders are taking notice of the advantages offered by new and emerging technologies such as email, videoconferencing, mobile telephony, teleconferencing, and in recent times, instant messaging (Primeaux Flint, 2004; Cameron Webster, 2005), and many organizations have adopted either one or several of these communication platforms depending on their business needs and objective of use (Symon, 2000). While consecutive studies have been published to demonstrate the efficacy and productive capabilities of the emerging communication technologies, the knowledge of their weak links and perceived disadvantages is also in the public domain. This report specifically aims to delineate how instant messaging (IM) could be harnessed to drive the business and organizational strategies of MM’s into the future. A Synopsis of MM’s Company For the over 60 years that it has been in existence, MM’s has created a market share that is yet to be matched by the company’s close competitors. In 2004, the company was on record for realizing an impressive $201 million in candy sales in the United States alone, a feat that propelled it into the top spot in the market for boxed and bagged chocolates in the country (Wax, 2010). The success of MM’s has been attributed to many factors, including eye-catching and distinctive advertisements and promotions, effective employee and consumer participation and feedback, extensive marketing strategies, affordable pricin g, and a broad assortment of customized product possibilities(MM Website, 2010). According to Nash (2000), for contemporary businesses to remain competitive and be profitable, they must develop the right communication tools aimed at eliciting maximum employee and customer satisfaction. Although MM’s has a hierarchical organizational structure to allow for efficient leadership through the rank and file of the company, the management takes cognizance of the fact that its corporate culture must emphasize the brand essence, promise, and unique personality (Rehoboth, 2004). The concept that the company’s products, services, and experiences are a major constituent of its personification has been well enshrined in the company’s strategies geared towards fulfilling the needs and expectations of an expanding market base.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on IM in the Workplace: Harnessing the Power of the Virtual Hallway specifically for you for o nly $16.05 $11/page Learn More MM’s take cognizance of the fact that employees are the organization’s most valued asset and, as such, it exercises an open-door communication strategy aimed at availing to employees the leverage to be flexible, creative and innovative as long as products meets or surpasses customer expectations (Wax, 2010). MM’s has been in the frontline in adopting computer-based technologies with the view to integrate them into the frameworks and platforms that guide the day-to-day running of the company, especially in terms of management-employee interactions, management-customer interactions (feedback), and sales improvement (Rehoboth, 2004). The organizational culture in MM’s is aligned to the basic principles of enhancing employee value preposition, provision of unmatched products and services, and improving efficiency, effectiveness, and productivity through continuous uptake of relevant technologies. According to Key ton (2005), â€Å"†¦organizational culture is the set of artifacts, values, and assumptions that emerge from the interactions of organizational members† (p. 1). At MM’s, the management is aptly aware that creating an enabling environment for free and effective management-employee communication is the cornerstone to a prosperous and resilient organizational culture. A Comprehensive Analysis of the Impact of IM in the Workplace According to Cameron Webster (2005), â€Å"†¦Instant Messaging (IM) represents a communication technology that allows employees to send and receive short text-based messages in real time and to see who else is on line and currently available to receive messages† (p. 86). Intrinsically grounded on a previous technology known as the Internet Relay Chat, IM was initially intended to offer home internet users a platform through which they could socialize with friends and family members. However, as the efficient and cost-effective ca pabilities in supporting informal communications came into the public limelight in the 1990s (Huang Yen, 2003), conscientious and assiduous managers grabbed the opportunity and started to experiment with the technology, especially on how it could be applied to solve or lessen workplace communication challenges.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The discovery and adoption heralded a new form of communication medium that is today known as instant messaging. The uptake of IM by organizations has been unprecedented, with available statistics demonstrating that 26 percent of organizations operating in the U.S. were already using the technology as an official communication service by 2004, and an additional 44 percent of organizations had employees who used the technology on their own (Primeaux Flint, 2004). Market analysts’ projections for corporate IM stood at 229 million users worldwide in the first quarter of 2005 (Cameron Webster, 2005), and IBM (2008) â€Å"†¦estimates are that by 2011 business use of IM will have risen to about 400 million accounts – with applications designed for businesses used in 150 million of those instances† (p. 4). The statistics demonstrates the scope of IM adoption by organizations across a span of less than 10 years, with all indications showing the adoption is on an upward trend. The factors assessed below clearly demonstrate why such a trend in IM adoption is in the offing. IM and Employees Communication Patterns Collaboration is primarily perceived as the initiator of innovation (IBM, 2008), and innovation is key to achieving organizational efficiency, effectiveness and productivity. In today’s competitive business environment, sharing information and experiences can be decisive in driving organizational success and set outcomes, and the IM protocol guarantees an outstanding framework through which employee communication patterns can be molded to enhance information sharing and collaboration within the organization as well as across geographical locations (Quan-Haase et al., 2005). Traditional communication patterns may fail to strike a cord with today’s business requirements especially with the realization that many organizations have switched into virtual workplaces (IBM, 2008), and that employees are expected to have timely i nformation to make sound judgments relating to the daily operations of the organization. As such, IM proactively influences their communication capacities and patterns by not only extending a framework through which relevant knowledge can be tapped from the relationships established with other stakeholders, but also ensuring that the needed information is immediately available when it is needed due to IM’s aspect of immediacy (Symon, 2000). According to Cameroon Webster (2005), IM systems contain a presence or peripheral awareness capacity, implying that the management or employees will have a general sense of who is around what they are currently engaged on at specific times in the workplace. The authors further suggest this type of â€Å"†¦presence awareness represents a type of peer monitoring designed to enhance communication between colleagues† (p. 86). As such, IM greatly influences employee communication patterns by virtue of the fact that users can active ly see the status indicators of other subscribed users who are online, and who are presently available to perform certain functions as may be deemed fit by the organization. This function greatly reduces time wastage, and enables the organization to focus on the available manpower resources to perform tasks that may have great ramifications in terms of enhancing its competitive advantage. Time usage, according to IBM (2008), is critical to the attainment of productive capacities. Huang Yen (2003) observes that the solid and reliant communication patterns extended to employees by IM systems has enhanced workflow processes within organizations and across locations. It is also imperative to note that IM influences employees’ communication patterns by extending to them the capability to engage in multiple, concurrent, and synchronized conversations to influence consensus or decisions made in meetings or other corporate gatherings (Rennecker, 2005). For instance, an employee enga ged in a meeting convened by stakeholders may text his boss to request for advice or clarification while still actively engaged in the normal face-to-face conversation with the stakeholders. Lastly, it is true that the nature of communication in work-settings has dramatically changed and that â€Å"†¦managers and professionals often communicate in fluid, multiple social networks rather than being sorely embedded in a single work group† (Quan-Haase, 2005, para. 1). IM certainly influences the communication patterns in the social networks. Potential Impact of IM to the Organization Many researchers and business analysts have demonstrated a clear interest in evaluating the possible impact of IM as an emerging tool for business communication. The real-time functionality, simplicity of use, unique affordances, and rich presence has been noted by Greengard (2003), Cameroon Webster (2005), Primeaux Flint (2004), and Rennecker et al (2003) as some of the foremost factors why m any organizations are using IM systems for communication purposes. According to Rennecker et al (2003), IM provides the ability to not only detect when other employees are available for communication via the network (presence awareness), but the system makes use of visual prompts to notify recipients of an impending message (visual alerting). In the workplace, these capacities are fundamentally important to drive efficiency, productivity, and ensure that critical time is sparingly used to drive the organization’s agenda forward. The real-time function enables users to get immediate responses, thus are able to act and make decisions based on knowledge and collaboration. This, according to IBM (2008), is a plus in today’s knowledge-based economy. According to Rennecker et al (2005), â€Å"†¦IM is unique in its capability to support multiple, simultaneous, synchronous conversations† (p. 199). This capability, known as polychromic interactivity, is essentially needed in today’s business environment, especially in organizations dealing with offering a wide array of services to multiple clients. In such an arrangement, IM can be used by employees to communicate privately with other employees and request for clarifications or instructions while still engaged in another coordinated interaction, preferably with the customer. When employed in this manner, IM has the capacity to essentially alter the â€Å"†¦temporal ordering of meeting-related interactions, including fact-finding, consensus formation, and decision-making† (Rennecker, 2005, p. 199). This implies that IM does not only saves time, but also enables organizations to enhance their productive capacities by virtue of the fact that the interactions, consensus reached, and the decisions taken will have either positive or negative ramifications on the organization. IBM (2008) underscores the fact that some emerging communication technologies such IM boosts an organizati on’s collaborative capacities, hence its productive acumen. Collaboration, more than anything else, institutes the innovation needed to enable organizations achieve an edge over their competitors. Employees in a virtual workplace are now collaborating using IM, either as a complimentary platform to email communication or as its substitute. According to Quan-Haase et al (2005), IM is also popular among workers since â€Å"†¦it adds speed and ease to workplace communication, and eliminates the time typically lost to ‘telephone tag’ or wasted trips of a coworker who is absent or otherwise occupied† (p. 2). This has obvious time and productivity implications for the organization, not mentioning the fact that it acts as a bridging tool between departments, therefore saving more time and ensuring efficient coordination. Below, some of the disadvantages of IM are evaluated. Disadvantages of IM There has been some weak links and disadvantages associated with emerging technologies, and IM is no exception. Greengard (2003) acknowledges that â€Å"†¦while the goal of staying in touch with employees, customers, and business partners is noble enough, today’s technology can create more than a few diversions and even devastations along the way† (p. 84). According to the author, IM can not only turn into a productivity drain if misused, but it can open a can of worms in terms of security risks and legal issues if it is ineffectually used. The above sentiments are also shared by Chudoba et al (2005) and Primeaux Flint (2004), who argue that most employees take advantage of the communication technology to chat with each other on issues unrelated to business, and to friends and family members outside the organization. Available statistics reveal that â€Å"†¦30 to 40 percent of internet use in the workplace isn’t related to business, and employee misuse of the internet is a $63 billion problem for cooperate America † (Greengard, 2003, p. 85). While IM is only a small component of the enormous internet universe, there is no guarantee that such systems will not be abused by employees in the absence of a strict regulatory framework. Harmful computer viruses can be transmitted via IM protocols, with some having the capacity to sabotage critical business processes. Indeed, hackers and data thieves can easily penetrate the security settings of some free IM services such as Yahoo! Messenger and AOL Instant Messenger due to the fact that the texts sent through IM are not encrypted. Legal challenges can also be potentially dangerous. By virtue of the fact that IM communications are not electronically recorded at the organizational level, â€Å"†¦companies can find themselves in a netherworld where it’s one party’s word against another’s† (Greengard, 2003, p. 84). There are concerns that IM, due to its easy usability, may be a source of interruption of workplace ta sks (Garrett Danziger, 2008). A recent ethnographic study extensively quoted by these authors â€Å"†¦revealed that workers spent an average of just 11 minutes on a task before being interrupted or moving on to a new task, and more than half the interruptions (57%) were unrelated to the task at hand† (p. 1). While it is known that the most common types of workplace interruptions revolves around receiving calls and conversations, some computer-mediated communication platforms such as IM and email can actually exacerbate the problem. In many workplace scenarios, IM supplements other existing forms of communication, resulting in an increase in the overall volume of communications taking place during work hours, thus the disruption of workflow processes (Garrett Danzinger, 2008). In addition, most IM communications are neither initiated nor scheduled by the recipient, and therefore often results in disruption of current activity or workflow processes on the part of the rec ipient. What’s more, companies using the IM protocol to dismiss employees may find themselves being accused of wrong termination in the absence of necessary precautions (Greengard, 2003). Communications Best Suited for IM Due to security concerns, highly sensitive communications should be reserved for other communication channels rather than IM unless the organization has the capacity to encrypt the texts or use a secure IM platform (Greengard, 2003). However, other forms of communications such as customer feedback, employee sensitization and awareness, company notices, strategies and advice, sales and order requests, advertisements, employee collaboration, and human resource decisions can be communicated via IM (Huang Yen, 2003). This is in line with the numerous activities supported by IM such as multi-tasking, informal communications for effective collaboration in the workplace, coordination and scheduling of work-related tasks, organizing short-notice meetings, and socia l networking with friends and family (Nardi et al., 2000). Recommendations MM’s takes cognizance of the fact that enhanced communication between management and employees on the one hand and between management and customers on the other is of fundamental importance in assisting the company to drive its success story into the 21st century (MM Website, 2010). As such, it is recommended that the organization takes a bold step towards formalization of IM as a preferred communication platform especially in communicating general organizational policies to employees and receiving feedback from customers. Available literature has revealed that the communication technology’s real-time functionality, simplicity of use, unique affordances, and rich presence (Greengard, 2003; Cameroon Webster, 2005; Primeaux Flint, 2004; Rennecker et al., 2003) are key ingredients that are destined to drive MM’s success story forward. MM’s greatly depend on its innovative employees to come up with new and enticing candies. To further drive the urge for employees to remain innovative, it is highly recommended for the company to fully adopt IM technology in the workplace so as to enhance interdepartmental collaboration and the development of new ideas. Such a platform will indeed extend frameworks through which the management collaborates with customers to evaluate feedback, and hence develop mechanisms for improvement. According to IBM (2008), IM enhances informal and formal collaboration in the workplace. Lastly, MM’s should come up with ways of utilizing the interactive and immediacy capabilities of IM (Cameroon Webster, 2005) by channeling its advertisements through the platform in efforts aimed at complimenting other mainstream media used by the company for advertisement purposes. At MM’s, it is not difficult to manage IM for optimal deployment since the company exercises an open door communication style that encourages open and independent decision making and responsibility at the individual level. The organizational culture reverberates well with the wishes and aspirations of employees (MM Website, 2010), and as such, it is almost a guarantee that employees will utilize the new technology for the betterment of the organization as well as for their own collaboration. Chudoba et al (2005) argues that many organizations employ several communication technologies to ensure their communication needs are sufficiently met. This internet-based communication technology fits well within MM’s existing frameworks of communication, which are also technology-based. The company mostly utilizes email and telephone communications in the workplace, and satellite communications across geographical locations (Rehoboth, 2004). IM will not only serve in complimentary roles with email in inter-departmental communications, but can also substitute the use of telephones to communicate company policies and strategies to employees. IM can be used to replace satellite communications in areas with network connectivity, further bringing down operational costs and enhancing both efficiency and productive capacities (IBM, 2008). The successful implementation of IM technology in MM’s can only be hindered by security and productivity concerns. As such, the CEO is allowed to introduce austerity measures aimed at curtailing the improper use of the technology by employees. It is also the duty of the chief executive to develop a solid ICT team which will constantly look into ways through which the IM technology can be optimally used by the company and its employees without causing security vulnerabilities as demonstrated by Greegard (2003). As such, end-user security regulations must be introduced to successfully harness the power of IM. The company should also introduce regulations aimed at informing the employees about the complimentary or substitute roles of IM visvis other existing platforms so that it is used for t he purposes it is intended. This will go a long way in ensuring its success, while curtailing the potential drawbacks already discussed comprehensively in this report. To submit the concluding remarks, it is a well known fact that the pursuit for instantaneous connections and enhanced communication has occasioned the adoption of a wide array of technologies purposely designed to speed up organizational activities (Cameroon Webster, 2005). IM represents one of the most rapidly proliferating communications tools that are swiftly being adopted by global organizations. A critical review of literature contained in this report demonstrates that corporate IM use is substantial and growing. Consequently, the most fundamental thing for MM’s is to swing into action towards ensuring that policies and frameworks are put in place with the aim to holistically harness the power and communication capabilities offered by IM. Reference List Cameroon, A.F., Webster, J. (2005). Unintended cons equences of emerging communication technologies: Instant messaging in the workplace. Computers in Human Behavior, 21(2), 81-103. Chudoba, K.M., Wynne, L.V. M., Watson-Manheim, M.B. (2005). How virtual are we? Measuring virtuality and understanding its impact in the global organization. Information Systems Journal, 15(4), 279-306. Retrieved from Business Source Database. Garrett, R.K., Danziger, J.N. (2008). IM = Interruption management? Instant messaging and disruption in the workplace. Journal of computer-mediated communication, 13, 23-42. Greengard, S. (2003). IM speeds workplace communication, but it can also spell trouble: Workforce Management, 82(7), 84-86. Retrieved from MasterFILE Premier Database. Huang, A.H., Yen, D.C. (2003). Usefulness of instant messaging among users: Social vs. work perspective. Human Systems Management, 22(2), 63-65. Retrieved from Business Source Premier Database. IBM. (2008). The new collaboration: enabling innovation, changing the workplace. Web. Keyton, J. (2005). Communication and organizational culture: A key to understanding work experiences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. MM Website. (2010). History. Web. Nardi, B.A., Whittaker, S., Bradner, E. (2000). Interaction and outeraction: Instant messaging in action. Proceedings of Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), Philadelphia PA, 70-88. Nash, E.L. (2000). Direct Marketing: Strategy, Planning Execution, 4th ED. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Quan-Haase, A., Cothrel, J., Wellman, B. (2005). Instant messaging for collaboration: A case study of a high-tech firm. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 10(4). Web. Primeaux, R.O., Flint, D. (2004). Instant messaging: Does it belong in the workplace. Intellectual Property Technology Law Journal, 16(11), 5-7. Retrieved from Business Source Premier Database. Rehoboth, W.G. (2004). Dandy Candy. Convenience Store News, 40(13), 28-31. Rennecker, J., Dennis, A.R., Hansen, S. (2005). Invisible whi spering: Instant messaging in meetings. Sprouts: Working Papers on Information Systems, 5(24). Web. Symon, G. (2000). Information and communication technologies and the new network organization: A critical analysis. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 73(4), 389-414. Retrieved from MasterFILE Premier Database. Wax, B (2010). Target Marketing Thrives on the Web. Property Causality Risk Benefit Management, 114(14), 32-36.

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 10

Human Resource Management - Essay Example With modernization, organizations grew larger and the demand for human resource management kept increasing. With fordism in place human resource management emerged. Skills became fragmented and specialized as positions were highly differentiated. Organizations, therefore, updated service delivery to answer to the demands of the customers. Fordism highly supported division of labor mass production is widespread and most production companies still implement fordism principles in their administration of human resource management. Long hours and labor that is cheap are factors that are still profitable to the small manufacturing companies. However, the fordism principles cannot be as successful as before but they have highly helped in shaping the future of human resource management in most industries. There is so much improvement in technology, complexity of social environment and so many other changes. The human resource management being applied today has some traces of fordism but ford sim alone cannot be successful (Petit 220). The concept of institutional economics is a foundation of human resource management. The neoclassical and neo-institutional schools of economics argue that the economic theories are a foundation and great implications of the human resource management theory. The macro-prudential policies provide policy makers with a set of policy instruments to complement changes. The instruments implicate the policy makers to make fine judgment on risks to financial stability and traditional concerns on monetary policy. Caution when making judgments is highly encourages by the monetary policies. The macro-prudential policies are the main components of human resource management. People are highly affected by the changing customs and changing institutions and the institutional economics are pecuniary and emphasize on collective action of

The History of the Pirates Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The History of the Pirates - Research Paper Example From the research it can be comprehended that, historically, civilization has developed in lands bordering the Mediterranean Sea. Civilization began in Ancient Egypt. There is evidence that peoples from different parts of the world made journeys across oceans to Ancient Egypt to partake in trade and other activities. This is because there is the mention of ships and boats in Biblical texts like Genesis 49 where Jacob blesses one of his sons to control a port. This shows that ships existed for several thousands of years. Although there are few sources of piracy in that era of Ancient Egypt, there is little evidence that also shows that there was no piracy. This therefore leaves this era of history in some kind of darkness. However, Grainger states that there is evidence that piracy was quite common in the era where Ancient Greece was at its peak. He quotes an instance the Assyrian King Sennacharib who sought to fight piracy in his time. In Grainger's assessment of Sennacharib's attemp t to fight piracy, he notes that the effort was not so successful since there were too many limitations in resources the king had. There were also clear evidence that the pirates had so many options and could evade capture. This is because in that era, there concept of nationality was not so strong and there was little co-operation between nations. This made it difficult to handle instances where ships intercepted other ships and stole the cargo and killed people on the ship. Numerous texts cite that the Phoenicians were notorious for the practice of piracy (Alberton, 2006). These Phoenicians normally operated in the Mediterranean where they attacked ships carrying trade inputs from different parts of the Known World. However, the coming of the Roman Empire saw a single government controlling a large number of nations in the region. This led to some level of naval co-operation that sought to control the activities of pirates and similar criminals (Alberton, 2006) Privateering The Am ericas were discovered by Europeans in 1492. The journey over the Atlantic presented a larger volume of ocean that ships and vessels were to cover. Unlike the Mediterranean which was a small corridor of water, the huge distance between Known World and the New world made it difficult for the waters to be patrolled and piracy controlled. This led to a new age of privateering. Privateering refers to individuals who had no national allegiance

Pest Analysis Of The Bae Company Finance Essay

Pest Analysis Of The Bae Company Finance Essay This article want to analysis the five-year of financial data which from 2004 to 2008 of BAE ,in order to understand the companys business profitability and development capacity and found the further possibility to enhance the utilization efficiency of it ,so that to promote the investment activities of the enterprises business goal of maximizing value in accordance with a benign operation. Instruction BAE Systems is the merger of British Aerospace (BAE) and Marconi Electronic Systems (Marconi Electronic Systems) which was established in November 1999. In September 2004 BAE Systems acquired Alvis Vickers and merged it with its RO Defence ordnance division to form BAE Systems Land Systems.In June 2005 BAE Systems acquired United Defense and reorganised its land systems businesses into BAE Systems Land and Armaments, with Land Systems and Land Systems Hà ¤gglunds as subsidiaries of this U.S. based operating group. It is an international company engaged in the development,delivery and support of advanced defence and aerospace systems in the air,on land,at sea and in space. In 1999 the net sales of the company was 89.29 billion pounds (14.449 billion U.S. dollars)of which military sales was 5.837billion pounds. In 2000, it becamed the third of the worlds 100 largest military companies. Now, the company employed more than 100,000, and annual turnover of the company is 12.3 billion pounds and orders amounted to 37.5 billion pounds. PEST analysis of the BAE company 1.Politics. BAE Systems is a global company which conducts business in a number of regions, including the Middle East.Sales market over more than 130 countries, this brought great opportunities to the company. However,Government regulations and administrative policies of some countries could change quickly and restraints on the movement of capital could be imposed; governments could expropriate the Groups assets; burdensome taxes or tariffs could be introduced; political changes could lead to changes in the business environment in which the Group operates; and economic downturns, political instability and civil disturbances could disrupt the Groups business activities. New threats and conflict arenas are placing unprecedented demands on military forces and presenting BAE Systems with new challenges and opportunities to assist those forces in meeting changing defence and security needs.( Susana Callao,2007) 2.Economic and Society Global passenger traffic is forecast to increase by approximately 5% per year. Strong growth is expected in Asia and the Middle East and lower growth in the more mature North American and European markets. The market for large commercial jets is forecast to continue to grow on the back of rising passenger travel. Annual revenue passenger kilometres (RPKs) are forecast to grow by approximately 5% through to 2023 creating an expected average demand of some 830 aircraft deliveries a year. The US represents over 45% of the total forecast global defence spend (including equipment, personnel and operating costs) to 2010. Defense and transport development brings a huge market demand for the BAE. 3.Technology BAE Systems has played an important role in transatlantic,most notably has advanced technology in the M777 howitzer and F-35 Joint Strike Fighter programmes. The US and the UK have a long history of defence industrial cooperation that has provided significant benefits to both countries.In todays environment of coalition operations it would be the advantage of both governments and defence industries to allow and,indeed, to encourage freer technology sharing between the UK and the US. For BAE Systems an improved technology sharing environment would enable its engineers and scientists in the US and the UK to collaborate more effectively,and bring together their collective skills and expertise to the benefit of its two major customers, the UK and US governments,as well as to its shareholders. Review and anlaysis of company stratey 1.Pricing policiys. BAE companys major pricing policy is before business sales occure sign fixed price contracts with clients. Large part of the companys sales come from fixed-price contract. Because the companys largest partner is the United States, the U.S. team a great need for defense products, so the business mainly occure in sectors such as government troops, using a fixed-price sales contracts to ensure fixed sales and also to simplify transactions. 2.Market position.BAE Systems has major operations across five continents and customers in some 130 countries. Global businessof the company is based around six home markets in US, Saudi Arabia Australia, Sweden ,South Africa, and the UK. It is the worlds second-largest defense company and the third-largest Airlines defense and also the third-largest electronics Airlines. 3.Comparison with that of its competitors. The Groups business is subject to Significant competition. Most of the Groups businesses are focused on the defence industry and subject to competition from national and multi-national arms with substantial resources and capital, and many contracts are obtained through a competitive bidding process.( Tim Sutton,2004)The Groups ability to compete for contracts depends to a large extent on the effectiveness and innovation of its research and development programmes, its ability to offer better programme performance than its competitors at a lower cost to its customers, and the readiness of its facilities, equipment and personnel to undertake the programmes for which it competes. 4.Development Strategy of BAE Systems BAE Systems is a large international companies who has the responsibilities to its clients shareholders, employees and partners.Its strategy goal is to maximize the interests of shareholders. In order to achieve the companys strategic goals, the Board promotes to enhance the companys culture atmosphere and establish Operational Framework. .That is based on principles of good governance, aset of definitions, values, policies and processes that guide the companys work and behaviour, and a uesful system of delegated authority(David Tyrrall,2007). In order to realise the management of the companys business and deliver their strategy,the Operational Framework covers all wholly andmajority-owned businesses and describes the Groups mehods to its organisation, culture which including ethical principles of business conduct, values and governance framework vision, delegated authorities , and corebusiness processes. Financial Analysis for BAE Systems Industry Analysis In the global aerospace and defense industries Europe accounts for 19.6% of the global markets value. In 2004 the European aerospace and defense market grew by 0.9% which reached a value of $249.9 billion. The civil aerospace sector generated the second largest revenues in 2004, reaching a value of $62.3 billion, equivalent to 24.9% of the markets value.In the next five years, it is expected to be greatly growth. By 2009, the market is forecast to reach a value of $278.2 billion, which equates to a CAGR of 2.2% in the 2004-2009 period, higher than the global market as a whole. However, Asia-Pacific will see spending rise by 4% per annum while the US market is predicted to decline with a 0.6% rate over the same period.During thie time the third biggest aerospace and defense company it will also play an increasingly important role in operation and management in the future. BAE Systems recorded revenues of $20 billion during the fiscal year 2005, an increase of 25% over 2004. The operating profit of the company was $1.6 billion during fiscal year 2005, an increase of 16.3% over 2004. The net profit was $1 billion in fiscal year 2005, compared to a net profit of $5.5 million in fiscal 2004.Rolls Royce is the leading player in the global civil aerospace, defense aerospace, marine and energy markets. Compared to BAE systemss business performance, Rolls Royce company recorded revenues of $7.4 billion during the fiscal year 2005, an increase of 5.2% over 2004. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase in revenues from the companys civil aerospace division. The operating profit of the company during fiscal 2005 was $397.5 million, an increase of 43.5% over fiscal 2004. The European aerospace and defense market generated total revenues of $234.9 billion in 2005, this representing a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 1.3% for the five-year period spanning 2002-2006. The US and Asia-Pacific markets grew over the same period with CAGRs of 6.7% and 3.4% respectively, to reach the values of $502.6 billion and $157.2 billion in 2006. BAE systems occupies an important position in the industry. In the whole industry it can realized its business very well. The following financial analysis is to analyze 2004 to 2008, the specific circumstances of these years. Here collect the relevant data of the BAE for five years. These data which is important can best reflects the companys operation. The preparation of data sheets is as follow. The following analysis mairly use dynamic ratio of fixed base method and ues the data of 2004 as a fixed base period to analyze the indicators. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Five-year summary Income statement à ®- ³ à ®- ³ à ®- ³ à ®- ³ à ®- ³ 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 Sales including Groups share of equity accounted investments 4,459 3,916 4,007 3,697 3,063 Electronics,IntelligenceSuppo rLandArmaments 6,407 3,538 2,115 1,270 482 Programmes Support 4,638 5,327 4,615 4,660 International 3,333 3,359 3,428 3,138 Programmes 2219 Customer Solutions Support 2,856 Integrated Systems Partnerships 2,022 HQ Other Businesses 235 243 295 471 464 Intra-operating group sales (529) (673) (695) (655) (417) 18,543 15,710 13,765 12,581 10,689 Underlying EBITA6 (restated) Electronics, Intelligence Support 506 437 429 324 256 Land Armaments 566 324 168 86 (8) Programmes Support 491 456 331 261 International 35 435 412 403 Programmes 10 Customer Solutions Support 497 Integrated Systems Partnerships 95 HQ Other Businesses (101) (203) (146) (117) (50) 1,897 1,449 1,194 957 800 Profit/(loss) on disposal of businesses 238 40 13 (4) Uplift on acquired inventories (12) (44) EBITA5 2,135 1,477 1,207 909 800 Amortisation and impairment of intangible assets (424) (297) (139) (122) (110) Finance costs including share of equity accounted investments 697 93 (174) (196) (132) Profit before taxation 2,408 1,273 894 591 558 Taxation expense including shar e of equity accounted investments (640) (373) (248) (147) (219) Profit for the year from continuing operations 1,768 900 646 444 339 Profit/(loss) for the year from discontinued operations 22 993 111 (336) Profit for the year 1,768 922 1,639 555 3 Balance sheet Intangible assets 12,306 9,559 7,595 8,217 6,115 Property, plant and equipment, and investment property 2,558 1,887 1,869 1,922 1,901 Non-current investments 1,040 787 678 1,730 1,535 Inventories 926 701 395 485 498 Payables (excluding cash on customers account) less receivables (5,866) (5,373) (4,298) (4,596) (3,891) Other financial assets and liabilities 240 52 6 (7) Retirement benefit obligations (3,365) (1,629) (2,499) (4,101) (3,210) Provisions ( 845) (809) (695) (718) (491) Net tax 256 63 648 1,012 876 Net cash/(debt) 39 700 435 (1,277) (668) Disposal groups held for sale 64 137 Minority interests (55) (36) (17) (16) (10) Total equity attributable to equity holders of the parent 7,234 5,966 4,117 2,788 2,655 Financial statement and cash flow analysis, After the 2003 recession, Europes aerospace industry will experience a steady growth phase. As prediction, there will be a 3.9% annually growth, which is also reflected in BAE Systems financial report after 2004. Profitability Analysis Profitability mainly in Revenues ,Sales, Operating profit, Order book, Return on sales, Net cash, and Cash inflow from operating activitie. The company recorded revenues of $20 billion during the fiscal year ended December 2005, an increase of 25% over 2004. The operating profit of the company was $1.6 billion during fiscal year 2005, an increase of 16.3% over 2004. The net profit was $1 billion in fiscal year 2005, compared to a net profit of $5.5 million in fiscal 2004.And for the company Europe Aerospace Defense in 2005 it generated revenues of $42.5 billion, an increase of 7.7% on the previous year. The European aerospace defense market generated total revenues of $184.3 billion in 2008, representing a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9% for the period spanning 2004-2008. However the BAE system has higher the average. Sales represents the amounts derived from the provision of goods and services, and includes the Groups share of sales of its equity accounted investments. Compared with 2004,the sales of BAE increased by 14.2% in 2005,2.1%in 2006,16.4% in 2007 and 37.6% in 2008. Overall,BAEs sales revenue is in a increase trend. Starting in 2006, a significant increase had been showed and compared with 2007 the sales of 2008 increased by 18%.he significant increase in sales in 2008 has primarily been caused by the Land Armaments operating group due to high armoured wheeled vehicle volumes in the US and full- year impact of the Armor acquisition. This shows that BAEs products have strong market potential. Operating profit.Operating profit is a indicatore to measure of business efficiency. BAE Systems recorded revenues of 16,671 million in the financial year 2008 which is an increase of 16.5% over 2007. For the 2008, the US which is the companys largest geographic market, accounted for 56.4% of the total revenues. Operating profit in 2008 is 2.2 times of 2004,in 2007 it increased 52.1%,from  ¿Ã‚ ¡774m in 2004 to  ¿Ã‚ ¡1177m. Operating profit is showing the trend of rising year by year reflects a good profitability of BAEs business. There is a very good market prospects of the enterprise. Inventory turnover.Decline in inventory turnover .However, when compared with the same industry Boeing it is still very high. Accounts receivable turnover in 2005 and 2006 was lower than that in the other early years. However, in 2007 and 2008, BAEs accounts receivable turnovera increased substantially ¼Ã…’Total asset turnover ratio is relatively stable, but slightly higher than the industry standard. Order book.Order book reflect the popularity of the product, it also shows the potential of products in the market.However, the number of orders can not be a comprehensive response to the operating performance of companies.Between 2005 and 2004,the order book was increasing ,while in 2006 the book order was only 31.7 bn ,reduced almost by 37%.then there was a recover and in 2008 the order book was 46.5bn although it was still less than 2004. Reduction in order book illustrates the business sales market in the shrinking.Reduction in main business volume, indicating that the development of enterprises might have gone wrong strategy. Return on sales.From the table it can be seen that the return on sales is increasing year by year , But the order is indeed the in reduction.The Prorfit for the year in 2006 is very high however the cash inflow from operating activities in this year was the lest. It may be there is something can not be reflect in the financial report, the other businesses increasing cause income to increase,so it is not be reflect in the financial report which is about the return on sales. Cash inflow from operating activitie.Cash inflow from operating activities is used to determine the the actual gap between companys operating cash flow and financial reporting operating income or net income. (Hans,2007) . From the table that the operating business cash flow show a downward trend during the five years.That is to say compared with 2004 the cash inflow from operating activities reduced by 10.7% in 2005, 61.1%,in 2006, 8% in 2007, 14.5%, in 2008.The 2008 reduction in operating business cash flow largely reflects utilisation of Saudi Typhoon advances received in 2007 and an agreed repayment to the UK Ministry of Defence in respect of the Astute programme.However, it reflacted there is something wrong with the companys cash flow. Net cash. The cash flow was  ¿Ã‚ ¡700m in 2006,however, in 2007 it reduced by 28% and becomed to  ¿Ã‚ ¡435m,even worse in 2008, it is only  ¿Ã‚ ¡39m. In 2008, 83.43% of the cash flow ratio is too high compared to the same industry. Capital utilization rate is low, so a decline in cash flow to investors is a positive message. And in 2008 29.65 percent of the cash-flow ratio compared to the industry is relatively high. The company Europe Aerospace Defense recorded a net cash of $2.1 billion up 40% in an average . The reduction of the net cash flow shows that there is some problem in the cash inflow of the company,it may have a bad effect on the operating and develpoment of BAE. However overall level still very high for the company . Solvency analysis. Overall there is a very strong solvency.In particular, in year 2005 and 2006, current ratio were more than 2 ¼Ã…’quick ratio exceeds 1.But it is also the performance of the low efficiency of fund utilizationà £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Although the 2007 and 2008, the flow rate and the liquid have declined more .But does not affect the solvency ¼Ã…’and the increased utilization of funds. Assets is responsible for rising rates, leading to long-term solvency has been reduced low ¼Ã…’But the asset-liability ratio does not exceed 50% ,the long-term solvency remains strong. Analysis of share price performance Comments on company management/board of directors and the stock market The Board promotes a common culture and identity through the Operational Framework. It sets out the way we do business and what it means to be part of the Group. It is the Groups framework for a sound system of internal controls. All employees are required to comply with the Operational Framework in their business conduct. The BAE Companys TSR (share price growth plus dividends) ranking relative to a comparator group of 18 other international defence and aerospace companies such as Boein,General Dynamics,Raytheon ,Cobham,Dassault Aviation,EADS,Embraer PN,Finmeccanica and so on.. None of the shares vest if the Companys TSR is outside the top 50% of TSRs achieved by the sectoral comparator group and 100% vest if it is in the top quintile (ie top 20%) as set out below(Herve,2006) Rationale for performance measures: importance to major investors as an indication of both earnings and capital growth relative to other major companies in the same sector and to ensure that awards only vest if there has been a clear improvement in the Companys performance over the relevant period. EBITA . EBITA refers to a companys income before the deduction of interest, tax and amortization expenses. It is also consistent with the profi t measure which is used by BAE to analysis internal performance and as a measure of operating profitability that is comparable over time.à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Underlying EBITA increased 86.7% in 2008 which reaches to  ¿Ã‚ ¡1,897m compared with 2004,and 31% compared witn 2007.according to the calculation ,compared with 2004, EBITA increased 45.4% in 2007,18.8% in 2006 and 16.3% in 2005. Underlying EBITA during the five years is increasing growth all the time . View of the circumstances from the BAE, there is a very good return on investment .That is very likely to achieve value and hedging to buy its stock. Underlying earnings per share. From the table it can be seen that Underlying EPS is 37.1p in 2008 which increases 23% compared with last year.And there is a 28.1% increase in 2007, 30.6% in 2006,29.3% in 2005.All these increase are compared with the year brfore. Companies and the stock market do not like fluctuating EPSs. In the past BAE EPS growth rate 35.25% ¼Ã…’growth potential is still very good and EPS Stability is very good too.Companies operate is stable and reasonable. The Underlying earnings per share of BAE does not fluctuate badly,so it is good for its sharehooders.And Underlying EPS continue to rise mainly reflecting higher underlying EBITA of the BAE. BAE as an aviation industry leader ¼Ã…’in the 2004-2008 years, the companys revenue and profit growth.From 2006 to 2008 BAEs profitability continued to rise.In particular, rising faster in 2008. Recommendation to investors Based on the above analysis,it can be seen the companys operating capacity is very light, and development prospects is very good,its position in the industry is also high. The company will continue to develop, and will continue to grow. With the recovery in economic development, the companys operations development will gradually resume, which will cause the Companys stock price rebound. Therefore, the long-term investors can look up a little,and continue to hold its shares, to realise the purpose of increasing the value of their money. For short-term investors they will have to stage development according to the company, select the appropriate strategy to achieve their own purposes. SWOT ANALYSIS Strengths Weaknesses BAE achieved with many business acquations, and establish friendly and long-term relationship with the United Kingdom and other countries, through the merger, the companys growth has been greatly improved. Diversified business The company has advanced technical level. Strong growth in revenue and profits Relatively low employee productivity Unfunded employee post retirement benefits Sluggish performance in key segments Fixed-price contracts risk The Group is exposed to risks inherent in operating in a global market. The Group is involved in consortia, joint ventures and equity holdings where it does not have control. Opportunities Threats With the intensification of regional conflicts more demand for defense products is also increasing, thus creating a large demand for the companys products, especially the United States, defense products demand is very huge. Huge international market and the demand for defense products offers great opportunities for BAEs development. Growth in global aerospace and defense Intense competition High dependence on government contracts Recommendations Minimize the fixed-price contract and control the initiative rests in its own hands.At the same time to manage contract-related risks andà £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬uncertainties, contracts are managed through theà £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬application of the Lifecycle Management (LCM)à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬business process mandated by the Groups Operationalà £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Framework at the operational level ¼Ã… ½(Flower,1998) The Group has formal systems and policies in place which are mandated under the Groups Operational Framework to ensure adherence to regulatory requirements and to identify any restrictions that could adversely impact the Groups future activities. The Group has formal systems and procedures in place to monitor the performance of such business arrangements and identify and manage any adverse scenario arising. In order to protect itself against currency uctuations, the Groups policy is to hedge all materialrm transactional exposures, unless otherwise approved as an exception by the Treasury Review Management Committee, as well as to manage anticipated economic cash ow exposures over the medium term. Conclusion BAE in a leading position in the aviation industry .Both operating profit margin or asset turnover ratio is higher than the level of the same industry.However, compared with other companies in the industry, the use of financial leverage is not very good, capital utilization rate is not high. From the above there is still great room for BAE development.The future development considerations from the following two ¼Ã… ¡One is to raise operating margin ¼Ã…’Second, make full use of financial leverage effect,because of its financial leverage below the level of the same industry. The most important thing for the company is upgrading in innovation and technological.Encourage the development of a new ideology ¼Ã…’new technologies and new ways of working and bring them with a lasting competitive edge. And for the investors, because in the past BAE EPS growth rate 35.25% ¼Ã…’growth potential is still very good and EPS Stability is very good too,so they can buy stocks of the company at present time.( David Tyrrall,2007)Under the financial Crisis, government purchases declined, but as the recovery of the financial environment the companys business will increase, operating profits will increase substantially.Therefore, with the improvement of operating conditions the stock price will be in a good direction.

Essays --

The attacks of 9/11 in 2001 shed a light on many different weaknesses relevant to the security of the United States regarding communication, and disaster response. On every level of government— federal, state, and local— substandard communication methods contributed to the deaths of nearly 3000 people, as well as the growing number of people dying from illnesses that resulted from participating in the cleanup at Ground Zero. There were many communication challenges faced by agencies tasked with responding to the incident, and particularly in the case of law enforcement, these problems likely resulted in more fatalities than would have occurred had better systems been in place. This paper will discuss the communication problems that surfaced during the 9/11 disaster, the results of those problems, and the measures that have been taken to respond to those inadequacies. On September 11, 2001, two airplanes originating in Boston were hijacked and flown into the World Trade Center in New York City. Initially, it was unclear that the impact had been intentional, but when the second plane hit, it was evident that this was a terrorist attack. Ultimately, the two buildings collapsed because of the heat of the fire that ensued from the plane crash. Within the next hours, another plane hit the Pentagon and a fourth plane that was hijacked crashed before it reached its destination because the passengers had been able to take control of the plane. They prevented the hijackers from reaching their target, believed to be either the Capital Building or the White House, but the plane crash landed and all aboard were killed. The 9/11 Commission Report indicated that there were several fateful failures of communication at the level of the federal g... ...anslates into virtual remote offices in the vehicles of the NYPD and the FDNY. The events of 9/11 were a tragedy, and resulted in thousands of losses and injuries of first responders, civilians, airline pilots and crew, and many other groups of people. The event also resulted in the loss of a sense of security previously held by people in the United States, and the scope of the incident required the entire infrastructure and security system of the country to be reevaluated and enhanced. Although certainly all that occurred on that day must be considered devastating, it served as a wake-up call to federal, state, and local officials regarding the need for coordination and communication between relevant agencies. It appears that there have been significant advances in these areas since 2001, but the whole issue of communication is a work in progress that must continue.

How Far Do You Agree That the 1867 Reform Act Was Sucessfulte Essay

Additionally, the 1867 Reform Act also had a significant impact on the issues that were being addressed by politics. Whereas before, the aristocracy had basically decided what happened in the country, the act meant that issues were being brought to light that had never been discussed properly in public before. This was very important as it not only changed public but it also changed society too. Issues such as the legislation surrounding drinking, education and taxation were now being impacted on by the public actually expressing their feelings about them and this determined that the act had changed entirely how people viewed politics by shifting their focus from the individuals within politics to the actually political interests that they represented. For the first time, the act seemed to allow working-class people to feel indignant at how they were labelled uneducated within society and how they were blamed for society. It could be said that the Reform Act’s most important outcome was encouraging people to now speak up for what they believe in and to create a true democracy by exposing the flaws of the current political system that had kept hidden a system of suppression underneath a pretence of democracy. On the other hand, this outcome can be seen once again to only be attributing more to the argument that the most important outcome of the 1867 Reform Act was that that it had on the political parties. Whilst it did change the people, it also meant that individuals like Gladstone and Disraeli had to develop stronger personalities, more influential public speaking and just generally a more recognisable persona to get attention off the people and this changed politics, starting to transform it to what we recognise today with politicians attending school fairs and opening museums to get positive publicity. Whilst all of these outcomes were extremely important at the time, perhaps the most long-term and recognisable of all of the outcomes was the effect that the 1867 Reform Act did have on the political system and in particular, on the Liberals and Conservatives parties. Source 7 supports this view by introducing us to the idea of the ‘political machine’. The source shows how the Reform Act of 1867 meant that the political parties had to actually properly compete and make, sometimes unrealistic promises, to appeal to voters. It shows how this means that electioneering, the way the parties portrayed themselves and presentation of issues became much more important as politics became national and rotated around moral issues. Indeed this view does have a lot of weight in an argument. The political parties now were having to tread a careful line and keep a balance between the conflict of alienating the people with revolutionary political ideas and immediate actions to secure themselves as the strongest political parties. This meant that the Liberals and the Conservatives had to become united and professional. This impact was important as it meant that the political loyalty was created that we can recognise in politics today. Previously, parties had split up and conflicted over issues but following the act, politicians were forced to admit that they had to remain loyal to their own political party in order to get any success within the political circumstances. This outcome is so significant as it created the strong link that still exists today between political parties and the voters. The two different parties had to go to what they saw as extreme lengths to secure voters’ loyalty and to encourage them to vote. This included the setting up of party clubs and trips to places such as the seaside as rewards for people who promised to vote for a certain political party. In a way, it shows how this outcome was significant in advancing political organisation and professionalism yet in other ways it just maintained the old influential schemes that politicians used but at last, they had to actually be clever to use these rather than to blatantly bribe and influence people. They could still influence people, just as they had done with the open ballots, but this time they had to do it with rewards and false promises. To a certain extent, this can still be seen to be happening in our political system today. In conclusion, there were many outcomes of the 1867 Reform Act and all of these were significant in their own way. The impact of these can be seen clearly by the fact that they have triggered features of our own political system today, such as strong political personalities for politicians and ‘image-conscious’ newspapers and magazines. However, these all contributed to allowing the Liberals and the Conservatives parties to change and whilst individually they were significant impacts, the effect that they had on electorate always corresponded with an effect on the political parties. In this way, the most significant outcome of the 1867 Reform Act was the impact that it had on the Liberals and the Conservatives parties yet this would not have been significant or even have occurred independently of the impact that the act on the electorate themselves. This means that whilst we can identify an outcome of the act as the most important, it simply would not have had the effect that it did have without the other outcomes of the act, meaning that collectively they are important and making it extremely difficult to label the importance of the outcomes.