Travel agency or company

The act of traveling to different places for leisure or recreational purposes is leisure travel and tourism is a travel for leisure or recreational purposes. Globalization has increased the tourism industry a big boost. Tourism is one of the fastest growing industries that contribute greatly to the economy of a country in this era of globalization. Majority of the working class spend their leisure time for travel. Many services describe a leisure travel experience that include guided tours, farm stay tours, tours for the activity of the kids, entertainment programmes at resorts or hotels, and weekend accommodation/holiday packages.A travel agency or company sells the travel services, particularly the package travel. There are commonly three types of three different types of agencies that include multiples, maniples and independent agencies. The multiples comprise of national chains of international conglomerates. A package travel comprises of a pre-arranged travel for 24 hours, which is a combination of accommodation, transport and a tourist service such as entertainment that forms a significant part of the package. Normally there exists an exclusive price for this package travel.The package is generally provided for a discount and the travel company should provide the information regarding the requirements of the visa and passport, health requirements. The Brisbane is the state capital of Queensland, Australia, with tourism as an important industry for the economy of the state attracting 4. 9 million of domestic and 0. 9 million international visitors annually. Brisbane neighbors the tourism capital of Australia, the gold coast, with golden beaches and exciting nightlife.The present paper discusses on designing the leisure travel product, a package tour to the Brisbane the capital of the state of Queensland, Australia. It also analyses the existing market opportunities for the product when compared with the products of the similar nature. Variables of the mark eting mix in a package tour: Product: The product in the tourism industry is the customer value, and for the elements of the marketing mix to be effective, it is important to concentrate on the unique characteristics of the product for tourism, the demand and the range of the determinants for the demand.In a tourism industry, for a strategic planning of the product there are two possible approaches that include, Market approach and the destination approach. It is important to select the right package of products to make the market more attractive. Securing a unique position and a good reputation in the market is very important for the strategic place of the product in the market. A package of benefits and offerings that can meet the expectations of the visitors, investors will increase the business.Promotion: Communication in an effective way plays an important role that increases the effectiveness of the market. Awareness of the product: it is important to make the customer aware o f the product to get the attention of the customer. Interest: generating interest on the product plays an important role. Desire: Creating a desire that is related to the needs relative to the competitors is important. Action: stimulating the target market to purchase the product plays an important role.Giving the information and building awareness of the product, creating a positive attitude towards the product, and creating a good climate for purchase by clearing the doubts about the product are some of the attributes that has to be considered for promoting a product. The product offering in the form of stimulus input that provokes for a holiday tour, taking the full advantage of product promotion through the communication channels such as guides, brochures etc, will motivate the customers to purchase the product.Price: The price factor in the tourism industry is perceived in terms of value for money. This is largely influenced by the prior expectation of the customer as to how ex pensive or cheap the trip would be. The price and the perception the price in the market needs to be handles carefully in the marketing mix. Description of the travel product, the package tour A package tour is a service that comprises of transport and accommodation organized by a tour operator and sold by a travel agent.The package tour of the modern times has evolved from the package tours of 1960’s when there was a package tour that comprises of flights, accommodation and transfers. These package tours mostly existed in the United Kingdom where most of the people got an affordable travel to various destinations including the foreign travel. With a decreasing demand for the package tour, the sector is now largely operated by a few large tour operators. With the advent of dynamic tour package, the consumers have the freedom to choose their own packages consisting of accommodation, flights and transfers.(First conferences battle, 2005). Analysis of the product: Australian cul tural environment is unique in that it is a combination of the aboriginal, Europe and American cultures. The excellent cities, snowfields, deserts, rain forests, and the golden beaches of Australia provide a wealth of travel experiences. Australia is a tourist attraction for its events, arts from aboriginal culture, antiques, cuisine and most of all the flexible government policies to obtain visas for the foreign tourists.Contributing a large share to the economy, tourism in Australia represents about 5. 9% of the GDP. With a large number of domestic and international tourists visiting every year, there is a lot of scope for the dynamic package tours in the country. Activities and benefits of a package tour: The activity of a package tour is to plan a journey to a different place without many hazels at a reasonable cost. The benefits of the tour include the avoiding the hassles of searching for accommodation in a new place and all accommodation and transportation are pre arranged.Wi th packaging to tourism the tourism operators get the benefits such as increase in the sales, increasing marketability of the product and increase of the share in the market beyond the own resources. Target markets: Many tourists buy the package tours as they feel it is the secure, economical and a convenient way for a leisure travel. The travel agents can use this opportunity to enhance their product value by offering some compliments along with their services. The best packages give appealing experiences for a good value to the target market.The best package chooses specific products based on the best fit in the target market. Price: Price of the package is decided upon the per customer basis and is calculated based on variable costs, fixed costs and the overhead or the marketing costs. All these costs together with the profit will form the basic package of the price. Location/schedules: Many travelers and the budget minded in particular, prefer the travel that is safe convenient and secure. These package travels are useful for those who travel for an unfamiliar location that is exotic that can be covered in a short period.Many of the partially escorted tours take care of transportation and lodging in which meals are excluded. Personnel for the package tour: The warm and friendly personnel and their welcoming and receiving nature will give the tourists a relaxation. The relaxing environment provided by the personnel at every stage of the travel gives a feeling that the tourists feel excited and relaxed. Physical facilities for a package tour: The organizations, which offers services for package tours has to change the strategy in such a way that the package offered constantly meets the demands of the customer.By considering the aspirations of the tourists, it is possible to manage the resources effectively. Process management policies: The process management policies include package types that supports user-defined product types, dynamic packages that allows choice of items adjusted according to the budget, flexibility in accommodating the packages in different seasons, a complete rule based pricing mechanism, managing multiple currencies, pooled inventory management and powerful traveler reward programme. Competitive advantage or unique selling point:For selling a package, it is beneficial to develop the package that has appealing inventory of experiences, and support services. Developing a package concept that includes setting a theme, market position, and giving a full description of the specific services are appealing to the target market that give a competitive advantage. Travel products offered by one company Package tour-1 The package includes four days and three nights, and the price includes morning city sights, rivers and return private car transfers to airport, hotel and the choice of selecting star hotels including one lunch.Package tour-2 The package tour includes four days and three nights. The pricing includes escorted t ouring with knowledgeable guides. One night each at pinnacles, beach, museums, that includes six meals (3 breakfasts and 3 dinners). Package tour-3 The package includes five days and four nights, the price includes accommodation for two nights at rain forest retreat, excursions, guided walks, morning and afternoon teas, accommodation for two nights at a resort, four breakfasts and one lunch and private car transfer to hotel and airport.Analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of each package tour Package tour-1 Strengths: The strengths include city viewing in the morning, offering choice to choose a star hotel for accommodation and transport by private cars to airport and hotel. Weaknesses: The weaknesses include providing only one lunch during the period of stay. Package tour-2 Strengths: That include visit for the museums, viewing wild flowers, dolphins, beaches, and pinnacles and offering six meals. Weaknesses: Not offering transport by a private car to the hotels and airport.Packa ge tour-3 Strengths: The strengths include providing accommodation for two nights at rain forest retreat, with excursions and guided walks, all transfers, and private car transfer to hotel and airports. Weaknesses: The weaknesses include providing only four breakfasts and one lunch as the travelers has to visit the rain forest retreat. Proposed travel product The travel product comprises of a trip to Brisbane a cosmopolitan city that provides relaxation. The stay includes 3 days and two nights.The price includes two nights at Brisbane, transports by a private car to hotel and airport visit to a sanctuary, and high lights of the city in the afternoon, and a tour to the zoo. The price also includes three lunch and two breakfasts and one dinner and the choice of choosing one out of the three good star hotels for accommodation. The price will be reasonable at 520 US dollars. Presentation of the product A trip to Brisbane A trip to discover a young cosmopolitan city Brisbane will relax y ou from the hassles of routine life.Stay: 3 days and two nights Price: †¢ two nights at Brisbane †¢ private car transfers to the airport and hotel †¢ visit to sanctuary †¢ afternoon highlights of the city †¢ a tour to the zoo †¢ three lunch, two breakfasts and one dinner Day-1 Transport by a private car, a tourist guide will accompany a tour to the afternoon high lights of the city. A visit to the wild life sanctuary, and choice of choosing a hotel Day-2 Visit to the zoo, entertainment by many shows and demonstrations. Day-3Transfer to airport from Brisbane by a private car References From the journals: 1. Angel roper(2005), Marketing standardisation:tour operators in the nordic region European journal of marketing,vol. 39(5/6), pp. 514-27 2. Jay kadumpally(2000), The impact of demand fluctuation on the quality of service: a tourism industry example. Managing service quality, vol. 10(1), pp. 10-19. From the internet: 3. Travel Agents Could Lose Out in t he Dynamic Packaging Battle, First Conferences Ltd. (2005).

Behind the ‘Battle Royal’

A visage of violence, uprising, gullibility, and realization – Ralph Ellison’s short story â€Å"Battle Royal† depicts a different story that embroils the philosophical depths behind concepts of racism and suffering. It is about pleasing people that results to losing your own identity. It is a foreshadowing historical tragedy as the narrator attempts to transport his readers from idealism to realism and finally relating to the true meaning one’s social identity.In the beginning of the story, a nameless, first-person narrator instinctively intimates that for the first twenty years of his life, he has looked at others to answer questions of self-definition. Identity issues could instantly be implicated as he discovers that it is only him who can figure out who he really is. In order to do this, the narrator must first â€Å"discover that [he] is an invisible man! † As the story unfurls, it transfixes a scene in which he muses that it’s not only him who’s â€Å"blind† but also, those who abuse the narrator by belittling him as mere stereotype and erasing his individuality and human dimension.The primary objective of the narrator in the story is just to deliver a good speech. Uneasy about it, he was really worried. While blindfolded and being beaten in the â€Å"Battle Royal†, he is still going over his speech inside his head. Symbolically, he’s blind to the attackers that he must fend off. This is a stark depiction of the narrator’s utter blindness to racism happening around him and the all the dehumanizing acts that he is forced to participate in. Then, the narrator is softly remembering his grandfather’s death. The narrator overhears him imparting some words to his father.Those words haunted the narrator’s psyche for years to come. On his deathbed, the narrator's grandfather gives him a rather disturbing advice. The old man said: Son, after I’m gone I want you to ke ep up the good fight. I never told you, but I have been a traitor all my born days, a spy in the enemy’s country ever since I gave up my gun back in the Reconstruction. Live with your head in the lion’s mouth. I want you to overcome them with yeses, undermine them with grins, agree them to death and destruction, let them swallow you till they vomit or bust wide open. Learn it to the young ones.Using personification, Ellison represents the lion as the white man, who will roar throughout the duration of the story. The men roared as the narrator will struggle for the coins on the electric rug. When he tries to pull a white man onto the rug, the man raise up roaring with laughter and kicks him in the chest. During the narrator’s speech, the men yell for him to repeat the polysyllabic â€Å"social responsibility† and the room fills with the uproar of laughter. Clearly, the narrator’s question of identity could be traced back to the weary lives of his gr andparents who were born as African slaves and freed years before.Rhetorically, this freedom bestowed unto them and made them part of a â€Å"United† States. But in the closer analysis, in the social circles during their time and as what the narrator experienced, African-Americans are still separated from whites; it is somewhat like the separate â€Å"fingers on the hand†. Ellison descriptively used animals to symbolically represent people because in the course of history white men traditionally treated the black people as animals. In the first place, they were slaves. Also, when white men see naked white women as sexual objects, ironically the white men transform themselves to animals.One instance in the story depicted a man who watches the woman dance and holds his arms up like an intoxicated â€Å"panda†. Although the symbolism of the animal imageries is not very obvious, how Ellison showcased these symbolism reinforced his themes. It adds up to the life and vitality of mental pictures demonstrating the vividness of Ellison’s storytelling. Works Cited Ellison, R. W. Battle Royal. In Literature: Reading, Reaching, Writing. Compact Fifth Edition by Kirszner & Mandell, p. 174 -185.

Similarities and Differences Between Jainism and Buddhism

Both Buddhism and Jainism. have many similarities and dissimilarities. As remarked be Monier Williams. â€Å"Buddhism and Jainism were not related to each other as parent or child but rather children of common parent, born at different intervals, though at about the same period of time and marked by distinct characteristics, though possession a strong family of resemblances†. W. W. Hunter writes â€Å"Jainism is as much independent from other sects, specially from Buddhism as can be expected, from any other sect. Not withstanding certain similarities, it differ from Buddhism in its ritual and objects of workship. Similarities : (1) The source of both the religion is vedic religion and both and indebted to Upanishads (2) Both Gautam Buddha and Mahavir belonged to princely families and not to priestly families. (3) Both deny the existence of God. (4) Both denied the authority of the Vedas and the necessity of performing sacrifices and rituals. (5) Both have accepted the theorie s of Karma rebirth and Moksha. (6) Both taught in the language of the common people i. e. Prakrit and not in Sanskrit which was the language of the priests. (7) Both of them were opposed to animal sacrifices. 8) Both of them admitted disciples from all the castes and from both sexes. (9) Ahimsa is the prominent principle of both the religions. (10) Both Buddhism and Jainism put stress on right conduct and right knowledge and not on religious ceremonial and ritual as the way to obtain salvation. (11) Both, the religions came as a sort of reform of Hindu religion. (12) Both the Religions were later on divided into two sects. Buddhism was divided into Mahayana and Hinayana. Jainism was divided into Svetambara and Digambara. (13) Both had their own three gems or ‘Tri Ratna'.Tri Ratna of Jainism were right philosophy right knowledge and right character. The Tri-Ratna of Buddhism were Budhha, Dhamma and Sangha. (14) Both had three main religious texts. Tripitaka, i. e. Vinaypitak, S uttapitaka and Abidhamma pitak were the three religious texts of Buddhism, where as Anga i. e, Anga, Upanga and Mulgrajitha were those of the Jainism. Dis-similarities : (1) Difference regarding conception Moksha : According to Buddhism, a man attains Moksha when he ends all the desires and can attain it while living in the world. But according, to Jainism Moksha is freedom from miseries and can be attained only after death. 2) Means of attainment of Moksha: According to Buddhist Sangha is proper for attainment of Moksha and they hate self-mortifications and severe penances. Jainism believes in fasts and severest penances. (3) Ahimsa : Though both emphasise the principle of Ahimsa, yet Jainism is more strict in this connection. (4) Soul: Buddhists do not believe in the existence of soul whereas Jainism believes the existence of soul in every living being. (5) Regarding Conduct: Buddhism emphasises the eight noble piths whereas Jainism emphasises Tri Ratna. (6) Language of Religious texts :Most of the Jain texts are in Sanskrit and Prakrit whereas Buddhist text are in Pali. (7)Their connection with Hinduism : Jain religion is nearer to Hinduism whereas Buddhism followed the policy of keeping away from Hinduism. (8) Caste system : Jains opposed it but Buddhism opposed and attacked vehemently. (9) Royal support and patronage : Buddhism received the royal support and patronage of kings like Ashoka and Kanishka. But Jainism could never receive strong royal support and Patronage. (10) Propagation : Buddhism spread to foreign countries whereas Jainism did not travel outside the boundaries of India.

Psychological Journal Article Summary and Analysis Research Paper

Psychological Journal Article Summary and Analysis - Research Paper Example Another explicit purpose of the study was to compare mere exposure (exposure without a reward) to a no-treatment control condition. The role that this control condition played in the experiment was to provide a baseline for the analysis of child responses when external rewards were presented. The authors were also interested several factors that contribute to the discrepancy between the tendency for rewards to increase acceptance in field studies on one hand, but the tendency of rewards to decrease liking in laboratory studies. Implicit in the design of their study, the researchers attempted to study the type of reward used, the initial liking, and the intended outcome of the study and whether those factors play a role. To accomplish these tasks, the researchers used a cluster-randomized experimental design that arranged over 400 children into four conditions: an exposure plus tangible non-food reward, an exposure plus social reward, an exposure alone, and a no-treatment control grou p. Over 12 days, the children were presented daily with the exposure to a vegetable that children find objectionable in taste. Then, the children from the respective conditions were either given an additional reward or, for those in the control condition, left alone. The results measured from these tests of taste were collected at a one-month and a three-month point after the 12 exposures in order to examine the effects of the exposures on acquisition and maintenance of the taste. This research design was intended to either accept or reject the hypothesis that external rewards have a significant effect on changing children’s tastes for vegetables. The children in the study fell in between the range of 4 and 6 years old and were randomly assigned to their conditions. To test each of the children individually, the researchers used a vegetable that the child rated in the middle of five other vegetables so that there was the potential of learning to enjoy the taste of that middle vegetable. During the intervention period, children were given praise as a reward (in the social reward condition), a sticker (in the tangible non-food condition), or minimal social interaction (in the no exposure condition). Through all of this testing, the researchers discovered that liking for the vegetable increased in the three intervention conditions as compared to the control condition, in which children were not exposed to the vegetable. Within these results, there was no significant difference in liking between each of the exposure conditions (that is, social rewards did not increase liking more than non-food tangible rewards). In terms of timing after the initial study, each of the interventions maintained their difference at a significant level for one month, during the acquisition phase. However, children who were rewarded with external rewards maintained their liking for three months or more during the maintenance phase. Likewise, during this maintenance phase, there w as no significant difference between the social reward and the non-food tangible reward condition in terms of who continued to like the vegetables more. Meanwhile, the effect of the no reward exposure because insignificant by that three month point. In other words, external rewards do not produce negative effects and may actually be useful to

Internship at children national centerye Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Internship at children national centerye - Essay Example Both homozygous and heterozygous patients can pass their genes onto their children. Sickle cell carriers typically undergo some type of genetic counseling prior to childbearing (Armandola, 2002). Hg SC multiple admitted to the hospital, salmonella sepsis and L humerusosteomyelitis, priapism x1 is pain that can last hour to some days (Kahan et.al. 2009)., post tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy, use BiPap at night and chronic lungs disease related to sickle cell anemia. After observing the patient, he showed symptoms of priapism, chronic pain and heavyfluid consumption; both on the IV and through normal drinking. He also had heavy urine output. I also focused on how the pain was managed along with the treatment procedure. With further information obtained from the patient’s chart and past medical history in it, I learnt what type of Sickle Cell he has and the medication that he’s on. The key information on patient reports included his diagnosis, the order of medication and the frequency of how the medication was administered. It also indicated any allergies that the patient may have. This information can be obtained electronically on the Kardex that the hospital uses. My preceptor pointed out the importance of safe dosage of medication per the patient. This is known as medication calculation and it is very important to all patients but it is more critical for children and elderly patients. He also pointed out the importances of knowing when to use SBAR. This is because it increases patient safety by avoiding communication breakdowns between caregiver and the patient (Joint commission resources, 2007) What I have learnt in the school enabled me to make proper assessment of my patient. I learnt the importance of communication, understanding the prescribed medication and how to administer medication by using the‘6 rights Rule’ in administering the medicine. The 6 rights rules means, right patient, right route, right medication, right dose, right time and

The Hunger Games (Book and Film) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Hunger Games (Book and Film) - Essay Example Hopefully, they are capable of helping us in being prudent, as well as careful when it comes to making decisions in that these utopian dreams do not end up being policy-state nightmares (Collins 12). The word dystopia comes from the Greek sources dys-, signifying obscene or difficult, while topos, stands for place; therefore dystopia means a dreadful place, characterized by the dejection of the human spirit, extensive misery, malaise, as well as hopelessness. This is a place whereby people tend to endure what seems like superficial or unsatisfying lives deprived of meaning. Life has turned out to be full of possibilities that are unlocking at a speed that is unpredictable between thrilling and terrifying. Though there is some familiarity, this situation seems to be familiar and safe, while at the same time continuing to tug people; however, in spite of their desire to get away from it, it is impossible considering that, their old life constricts as much as it comforts. As a result, t hey get their drive from both their inner need, as well as their outside pressures in making choices. Meanwhile, the authorities that people look up to tend to be not only to be manipulative, but also harsh; while they are the ones creating the larger world, whereby they are extremely busy shoving the people into. These people in the high authorities have failed in correcting this mess, both in their personal lives and society. In covering up their mess, they want people to get out there and mend their mistakes especially at a moment when worry over the looming collapse of their entire socio-economic structure is about to be uncovered. This makes the world not only cruel, but also scary, even dystopian (George, Nicolas & William 15). This is the life that the modern world revolves around; the only people who are incapable imagining how terrible this situation, despite the fact that they are living this life are the teenagers. This is an era consumed with economic uncertainty, conspi racy theories, not forgetting the fear of environmental collapse. Although the Western civilization was accredited for producing literary utopias, in the past century of world wars, murderous, totalitarian regimes, nuclear threat, as well as ?nancial panics, dystopias have by far outnumbered sunny projections due to a number of orders of magnitude. This has led to pessimistic depictions concerning the future everywhere in the popular culture; unfortunately, teens and teen books are incapable of escaping these larger trends in society. This is a clear indication of the origins of dystopia (Karen, Craig & Patrick 27). Recently, dystopian literature ha been compared to utopian, which has particularly been inspired by the trends of industrialization, class conflict, rationalization, together with the increasing pace of change. Apparently, these things have only turned out to be more pronounced as time passes by, together with the addition issues such as environmental destruction, gender equality, as well as racial bigotry (Pepper 36). Similarly to being the case with The Hunger Games, there are issues such as the age that have also played a key role in this matter.

Trends in International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Trends in International Business - Essay Example Deregulation process has actually allowed global firms to expand and enter into the markets which were traditionally closed. Further, deregulation has created more efficiency and has allowed them to move beyond bureaucracies to implement better and more improved management practices. Deregulation of industries like Airline services has driven the prices down and further intensified the competition. This has therefore benefited common consumers to take advantage of lower prices and more efficient products and services. (Katsioloudes & Hadjidakis, 2012) The fall of Berlin Wall has actually paved the way for the integration of Europe and has allowed Eastern Europe to come out of the Communist influence. The changes in Eastern Europe since the fall has allowed these countries to become part of EU and thus gave access to new markets. International firms have also gained access to cheap labor in Europe besides Consumers getting low priced

Harriet Jacobs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Harriet Jacobs - Essay Example Norcom. Dr. Norcom (given the pseudonym Dr. Flint in her Jacobs’ novel) would play an influential role in the life of Jacobs, sexually abusing her for most of her early life as a slave girl and threatening her should she refuse him. All of these factors led to Harriet Jacobs leading a difficult early life, which she recorded in her memoir Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. Life for Harriet Jacobs as a slave girl in the south was not easy. Although her parents were considered to be relatively high status for slaves, her mother’s early death meant that she was alone and under the full control of slave masters for the entirety of her early life. Dr. Norcom (Flint) began to sexually harass Jacobs just a few years after she was entrusted to his care. Jacobs was still very young at this point, and this sexual harassment would be one of the major influences on her life and her later writing. Cleverly, Harriet consented to the sexual advances of another white man (Mr. Sands ), which she thought would prevent Dr. Flint from sexually harassing her. Although Jacobs has said that she did not love this man and did not find it to be a Christian relationship, it was still preferably to being abused at the hands of Flint. Dr.

Environmental Issues (Environmental Protection, Specific Industries, Research Paper

Environmental Issues (Environmental Protection, Specific Industries, etc.) of Southeast Asia - Research Paper Example However, with the development in an economy, the requirement to protect the quality of the environment for that particular country also augments. Thus, it can be observed that there exists a complex association between the environment of a country and its international business activities. It has also been observed that industries tend to move their business operations to the developing countries from the already developed ones. From a realistic point of view, companies find developed nations to enforce stern policies regarding their environment compared to the developing countries (Mukhopadhyay, â€Å"Impact on the Environment of Thailand’s Trade with OECD Countries†). Thailand is being lately considered to be among the rapidly developing economies among all the countries in South-East Asia. The standard annual pace of economic development between the periods of 1980 to 2004 has been around 7% at an average. This economic development has been attributed to the non-inte rventionist trade policy of that country which did act as the chief force and foundation stone for this development. There has been a noteworthy boost in the exports as well as in the imports of the country (Mukhopadhyay, â€Å"Impact on the Environment of Thailand’s Trade with OECD Countries†). Long-Established and Continuing Bilateral Relationships The issue of environmental pollution is becoming a vital concern and is developing to be a problem especially in the city areas of Thailand. The history of amicable relation and exchange of traditions between Japan and Thailand dates back to above 600 years. Therefore, it becomes apparent that there exists a strong relationship of trading activities between these two countries. The mutual association between them is getting stronger and closer over the years, especially in the economic front. This can be attributed to the flourishing business of Japan and its extended investments as well as the continuous shifting of techn ological skill and expertise into Thailand. Japan is also said to be the largest provider of Official Development Assistance (ODA) towards Thailand. In regard to direct foreign investment in Thailand, Japan continues remaining to be the biggest foreign contributor in that country. However, a dip in the quantity of invested capital was recorded owing to the Asian economic as well as currency crisis in the year 1997. This close association among the two countries has also triggered the increase in the amount of visitors from Japan to Thailand. The intention of travel has surpassed the commercial requirement and expanded into exploring places of interest in the country of Thailand. Due to this reason, quite a significant amount of Japanese residents can be found in the various parts of Thailand, majority of who are supposed to be the employees of Japanese organizations. All the above mentioned factors are escalating the population of that country as a result of which there has been a s ignificant boost in the modes of transportation in that country. This augmentation in the transportation forms is triggering the

Breeding of the Giant Panda Bear Research Paper

Breeding of the Giant Panda Bear - Research Paper Example The panda is also called the giant panda to differentiate it from the red panda which is unrelated. This is a bear breed found in south western and central western China. The giant panda can be identified by the sizeable, unique black patches on its face, around the body, and its ears. The giant panda consumes bamboo despite belonging to the carnivorous group. Occasionally, giant pandas living in the forest consume meat in the form of carrion, rodents, or birds, wild tubers, and other grasses. Those that are held in areas for example, zoos, may eat specially cooked food, honey, bananas, eggs, oranges, fish, or yams. In addition, the giant panda’s habitat is located in mountain ranges, in central China. The giant panda has been forced to move out of lowland areas because of deforestation, farming, and other activities in the area (Lumpkin and Seidensticker 16). Currently, it is an endangered species. This paper will look at breeding of the giant panda bear. Giant pandas have a height of approximately two to three feet and may measure four to six feet in length. Male giant pandas are heavier and larger than female giant pandas. They can weigh 250 pounds while female giant pandas weigh below 220 pounds. The World Conservation Union has listed the giant panda as one of the endangered species in its Red List of Threatened Species. There are approximately 1600 giant pandas remaining in their natural habitats (Lumpkin and Seidensticker 25). ... For example, scientists have tried giving male giant pandas Viagra and also displaying videos of them mating. Nonetheless, it is in recent times that investigators have had accomplishments with breeding programs of captive male giants (Schaller 23). Current research shows that the breeding rate is one giant panda reproduced after every two years. Giant pandas attain sexual maturity between four to eight years. In addition, sexual activity in giant pandas may reach 20 years. During sexual activity, the female giant panda position’s itself in a crouching position with its head in a downward location. This allows the male giant panda mount her from the back. The time for copulation is short. It lasts for between thirty seconds and five minutes (Ryder 14). Nonetheless, a male giant panda may mount a female giant panda for a number of occasions to guarantee successful fertilization. If the female giant panda gives birth to twin cubs, only one of the two will continue to exist in th e harsh conditions. The female giant panda will choose the stronger of the two new born cubs, and the frail cub will perish. The female giant panda cannot provide sufficient milk for both the new born cubs. This is because female giant pandas do not amass fat. In contrast, male giant pandas do not assist in raising the cubs. Female giant pandas take almost 95 to 160 days to give birth after mating. The female giant may reproduce two young pandas but only a single one survives. Giant panda young ones may live with their mothers for approximately three years before living on their own. It can be presumed a female giant panda gives birth to a young one once in a year. The mating period lies between the months of March and May. This is a period when the female giant panda undergoes estrus. This

What Does a Study of Scandinavian Experience Tell Us about the Essay

What Does a Study of Scandinavian Experience Tell Us about the Relationship between Globalisation and the Welfare State - Essay Example As the report declares neoliberal argumentations show that an open economy, as well as a global market where the forces of the market will make the rules, will â€Å"compel all States to converge towards a neoliberal political system which will involve significant cutbacks in States' market interventions as well as the renunciation of States' commitment to redistribution and equality†. In this sense, liberal economic principles, as are present in a global economic environment, will need to be adopted and adapted by the states as well in their programs. This discussion researches that with strict reference to the Swedish model, some show that the model is in a significant crisis and that this crisis has started and continued during the 90s. The explanation for this crisis would be concluding the need for a state to remain competitive in the 21st century, alongside the private actors. The reason for this bears the economic justification of competition: a foreign investor is much more likely to choose a state where the economic policies the state has implemented are more permissive, less aggressive, more flexible. Why choose a state where you would have to pay an additional salary in taxes for each of your employees, when you can choose a country with a permissive legislative system and a location where you could trim your human resource related costs as close to 0 as possible? Globalization is often associated with a diminishment in state sovereignty as private actors.

Descendant of Henry 7th Essay Example for Free

Descendant of Henry 7th Essay Richard the third is cruel, manipulative, cold hearted and corrupt; however we really ought to mention his bad aspects. Richard the third displays all of the qualities of a true baddie yet he still succeeds in providing the audience with great entertainment and humour. The way he forces the audience to be co-conspirators partly by using clever soliloquies, which are directed specifically to include the audience in his plans but also by showing the audience full spectrum of his roles, he succeeds in appearing to be a kind hearted man, bidding his brother farewell in one seen and in another plotting his death. One key thing to note when Richard addresses the audience is the great humour he uses. He is able to laugh at the death of his two nephews and is intrigued to know more, he also takes it upon him to marry the women whose husband and father he had murdered. He thinks of it as a challenge and when he addresses the audience in act I scene 1, Ill marry Warwicks youngest daughter.  What though I killed her husband and her father?  The readiest way to make the wench amends  Is to become her husband and her father,  The which will I not all so much for love  As for another secret close intent  By marrying her which I must reach unto,  But yet I run before my horse to market:  Clarence still breathes; Edward still lives and reigns;  When they are gone, then must I count my gains.  This is one such example of the great wit and bravado shown by Richard. Richard has many different characteristics: from being the pungent, repellent arrogant commander; to being the witty jester that we cant help but adore. He can be a great leader, which is shown in his oration to his troops and can be greatly cunning in order to achieve his goals. One may be deceived by his outwardly appearance however Richard is certainly not disabled on the inside. He is a very intelligent man whose planning and acting is that of a true baddie. Richard the Third is about a lot more than a tale of an evil man. It is quite clearly a piece of pro-Tudor propaganda. At the time when Shakespeare wrote the play Elizabeth 1st was on the thrown. She was a direct descendant of Henry 7th (Richmond), and so it would do Shakespeare no harm at all if he were to depict the Monarchs Ancestor as being a great mad who fought against evil and succeeded.  The play also covers an important political issue, can a tyrannical king be removed. In the time the play was set the common thought was that God had delivered the king and so therefore it would be deeply wrong to overthrow a king, be he evil or good. The play really resolved this issue and it is clear to see which viewpoint Shakespeare had.

PESTEL Analysis of China and the UAE

PESTEL Analysis of China and the UAE UAE Economy Introduction The economic development of the UAE and China make these developing nations excellent choices for overseas expansion, globalization and foreign direct investment (FDI). Globalization of developing nations strengthens their economies and global distribution channels. The UAE is now considered one of the wealthiest and fastest developing nations worldwide. China is fast becoming an economic leader and manufacturer in the world, famous for its cheap labor factory workers. The UAE’s wealthy economy has been increasing at a rapid pace due to its real estate boom attracting huge FDI. China has eliminated many of its trade barriers and now has an open free trade economy that appeals to many global nations seeking new target markets and consumers for their products. Both the UAE and China are quickly becoming significant growth economies that attract global FDI from countries all over the world wanting to expand and find new import/export partners for their goods. UAE PEST Analysis (P)olitical The UAE Government is made up of a Federation of the seven Emirates ruled by President, Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, who is also the ruler of Abu Dhabi. The UAE government is very supportive of their free trade open society and encourages FDI and globalization. The court system is still being established since its rulings are not always enforceable due to the large foreign population. The legal regulations are similar to the western world and becoming stricter each year (Ahmed, 2007, 1-2). (E)conomic The UAE population consists of three million people and 60% of them are in the workforce. The UAE population growth rate is currently 9.4%, with only 13% of UAE Nationals making up the workforce and 87% foreigner expatriates taking over the Emirates market. With such a large expatriate workforce (87%) entering UAE due to the real estate development and investments in the region. The UAE GDP increased by 15% to 450 billion dirhams in 2007, and the economy grew even faster at a pace of 16.7%. Its GDP real growth rate is 10%, and it shows $99 billion in oil revenues, and $121 billion in non-oil revenues. The UAE exports equal $48 billion with partners in Korea, Singapore, India, Thailand and Japan. The oil and gas exports equal $75 billion. The UAE imports equal $30 billion of manufactured goods, transportation equipment, animals and food products from the UK, USA, Europe and Japan. The primary language is English, however, Arabic, Farsi, Hindi, Urdu, Chinese, Tonga and Russian are also common. The dominant religion in the country is Islam, however, there are also many Christians in the nation. The minorities include the local UAE Nationals, Russians, Chinese and westerners, while Indians are the dominant nationality. The minorities’ religious rights are respected by the majority. It is a very multicultural society and Hofesteds cultural dimensions framework can be used to describe the culture of the country. UAE is showing high economic growth that is attracting new foreign investors, which helps to generate more revenues and demand for the real estate sector (20%) (Ahmed, 20 07, 1-3). The level of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the economy is very high, with the majority of it going into real estate development and trade. The primary suppliers of FDI to the country include Europe, the USA, UK and Russia. Globalization has greatly improved the situation in UAE by bringing in thousands of products, services and workers from all over the world which has helped to develop the economy worldwide. The UAE legal system is honest and fair for local citizens. Foreign firms operating in the country do not face any political risk. The UAE belongs to the GCC regional trade bloc and has been a member of the WTO, World Bank and the IMF for almost seven years. The country’s huge wealth has resulted in not needing to borrow funds from the World Bank or the IMF. The UAE has experienced a balance of payments trade surplus in the past year of over 100 billion dirhams, due to the construction and real estate markets. Its official reserves account has increased by over 50 bi llion in the past year. The countrys currency is called dirhams and its value relative to the dollar is 3.67, and 3.98 to the euro. The currencys value has increased a bit in the past five years relative to the dollar and the euro because it is relying on a fixed exchange rate policy. The has no trade barriers to imported goods because they are encouraging all products to be imported and exported from the UAE since it re-exports 75% of its imports for profit (Ahmed, 2007, 1-3). (S)ociocultural UAE citizens have a very high standard of living, western lifestyle, and their financial positions have continuously increased over time. This has allowed for a very materialistic high society with lots of money to purchase houses, cars and other material items. The society is open and free with all types of hotels, restaurants, tourism, recreational activities and sports. The multicultural nature of the country allows for many foreigners to go there to work in well-paying positions. An overall country analysis shows the future trends of development and expansion that the UAE is undergoing will lead to an estimated 4.8 million people living there by the year 2010 (Cateora, 2007, 68). (T)echnological The UAE region is composed of a large population of very young professionals who are extremely technologically-knowledgeable. The IT industry relates to the tourism, hotel, computer and IT service sectors. The number of Internet users in the GCC region has increased ten-fold since 1998. The Internet and IT software solutions industries in the Gulf region have doubled the rate of Europe. Estimates of personal computer sales in the GCC show about 12% growth in the quantity of units sold by 2003, compared to the global growth of 8%. The UAE has the most satellite, Internet and mobile phone users in the Middle East (Cateora, 2007, 68-69). China External Environmental Analysis: Pest Analysis (P)olitical The People’s Republic of China’s current political system is Communism, with the capital city being Beijing. There are 23 different provinces (including Taiwan) and five separate regions in China. Their independence day was 221 BC under the Ch’in Dynasty, January 1, 1912 under the Manchu Dynasty, and October 1, 1949 when the People’s Republic was formed, which is their national holiday. The Chinese constitution was created on December 4, 1982, and their legal system involves a very complicated set of cultural statutes and customs for criminal law. The government is trying to upgrade the commercial laws to adapt to the new needs required due to an increase in foreign trade (Forsyth, 2004, 35-38). (E)conomic China’s population is 1.3 billion people, 22.3% aged 0-14, 70.3% aged 15-64, and 7.5 aged 65 and over. China’s GDP is $6.449 trillion, with the GDP real growth rate at 9.1%, and GDP per capita at $5,000. The GDP by sector is 14.8% for agriculture, 52.9% for industry, and 32.2% for services. Investments make up 43.4% of the GDP in China. However, the Chinese population has 10% of its people living in poverty, with the lowest 10% equaling 2.4% of the household income, and the highest 10% equaling 30.4%. The inflation rate is 1.2%, labor force 778.1 million, unemployment rate 101%, and budget for revenues at $265.8 billion, with expenditures at $300.2 billion. The labor force includes 50% in agriculture, 22% in industry, and 28% in services. Over 75% of all toys sold in the US are made in China and it controls almost 25% of the globe’s foreign currency reserves. As for per capita income, China has 6% growth (Fouquin, 1998, 105-108). Agriculture and industry are the major markets in China, especially in larger cities like Hong Kong and Shangai, where there is a lot of foreign investment. The public debt is 30.1% of the GDP. The agriculture products are wheat, rice, peanuts, tea, potatoes, cotton, barley, fish and pork. The industries include coal, textiles and apparel, iron and steel, automobiles, telecommunications, electronics, cement, chemical fertilizers, petroleum, and food processing. The industrial growth rate is 30.4%, with $436.1 billion in exports, and $397.4 billion in imports. Their current export partners include 21.1% USA, 17.4% Hong Kong, 13.6% Japan, 4.6% South Korea, and 4% Germany. Their import partners include 18% Japan, 11.9% Taiwan, 10.4% South Korea, 8.2% USA, and 5.9% Germany. The majority of the Chinese people are not very religious and considered atheist, with only 3%-4% being Christian and 1-2% being Daoist, Muslim or Buddhist. The country is not very culturally homogenous and the majori ty of the people are Chinese. The official Chinese languages include Chinese, Mandarin and Cantonese (Yin, 2007, 1-2). FDI is beneficial to the host country because it brings in foreign business, products and services that would otherwise not be available. However, FDI can also result in small local businesses going bankrupt due to not having competitive advantages over larger companies. FDI is the key to underdeveloped nations improving their economy and strategic alliances. China’s currency is called yen, and its value relative to the US dollar is 100 to 1. Its value relative to the euro is 110 to 1. The currencys value has only changed a small amount in the past 5 years relative to the dollar and the euro? The country uses a fixed exchange rate policy. China experienced a balance of payments trade surplus in the past year of over three billion yen due to increased globalization and FDI. Its official reserves account have changed a lot in the past year, increasing by over 20 million yen. China does not yet belong to any regional trade blocs and has been a member of the WTO, World Bank and th e IMF for 10 years. The country has borrowed billions of dollars from the World Bank and the IMF in the past year, and how has huge debts totaling over 300 billion dollars. (S)ociocultural China still maintains many of its most traditional values and beliefs of Confucianism, which is taught at many schools and academies. Confucianism is a social order and almost considered their religion since most Chinese do not follow any other doctrine. The basis of Confucianism for the Chinese culture involves family organization and many values related to social life. Social harmony is a major rule to this belief, which also includes many cultural rituals and ceremonies that are thousands of years old and still practiced by the older generation today. However, many of the younger generation are less strict in their Confucianism beliefs, due to modernization of the country and influences by other cultures like America (Redinger, 2003, 1-2). (T)echnological China has 263 million main line telephones, 269 million mobile phones, 160,421 Internet hosts, and 94 million Internet users (which is good for e-commerce and online vendor ordering, shipping and tracking for Sharjah companies). China is undergoing many new technology changes, especially in their banking sector, which still concerns its leaders due to its effect on the stability of the economy. As China learns how to integrate new IT methods into its different sectors, they are still trying to upgrade the skills and knowledge of their workers to meet the technology needs (Rashtchy, 2004, 1-3). Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions Hofstede’s cultural dimensions can be applied as a framework for understanding the cultural society of both the UAE and China: Power Distance: the extent to which people accept unequal distribution of power. In higher power cultures, there is a wider gap between the powerful and the powerless (both nations). Uncertainty avoidance: the extent to which the culture tolerates ambiguity and uncertainty. High uncertainty avoidance leads to low tolerance for uncertainty and to a search for absolute truths (China). Individualism: The extent to which individuals or closely-knit social structures such as the extended family (collectivism) are the basis for social systems. Individualism leads to the reliance on self and focus on individual achievement (both nations). Masculinity: The extent to which assertiveness and independence from others is valued. High masculinity leads to high sex-role differentiation, focus on independence, ambition, and material goods (UAE) (Gibson, 2003, 55-58, 303-306). Necessity for MNC CSR FDI Multinational Corporations (MNCs) have a definite duty to practice corporate social responsibility (CSR), especially during globalization into developing nations like China and the UAE. Corporations today are impelled to conduct their global business with integrity and social consciousness to improve their images with the international public. The potential benefits of FDI include helping transfer technology and skills, providing management and training of local workers, aiding in the creation of original skills in administration, marketing and other business techniques, and contributing to the growth of local entrepreneurship. FDI also improves competitive markets, provides access to international markets, contributes to tax revenues and helps input foreign exchange problems. FDI produces employment opportunities for developing nations’ citizens, and raises the rate of domestic wages (Kobrin, 1997, 7-10) (Hay, 1995, 59-63). Conclusion The UAE economy has a free trade policy which allows for all products to be globally traded to increase profitability opportunities. However, China has a strategic trade policy that allows for most products to be traded, yet restricts the main goods that the Chinese manufacturers produce from being imported to reduce global competition. Both the UAE and China are very attractive for FDI, however, for different reasons. The UAE is a famous tourist and hospitality destination, with huge profit potential as a real estate and construction investment. China is famous for its cheap manufacturing labor, raw materials and supplies. China recently opened up its trade market allowing FDI and global trade, which attracts international producers wanting new target markets. Both these nations have very appealing societies that foreign investors and MNCs are focusing on to increase their globalization potential. References Alon, I. (2003). Chinese culture, organizational behavior and international business management. London: Praeger. Brahm, L. (1996). The Business Guide to China. Singapore: Butterworth-Heinemann Asia. Brewer, J. (2004). Foreign business chiefs must learn the art of Guanxi to enter China. Industrial Correspondence. Cateora, P. (2007). International Marketing. Boston: McGraw Hill Irwin. Claasen, L. (2004). Master the culture and business in China pays off. Economy, Business Finance. Forsyth, I. (2004). China seen as a key driver of global economy. Aberneen Press and Journal. Fouquin, M. (1998). The Chinese economy. Geneva: Economica. Gibson, J. (2003). Organizations. Boston: McGraw-Hill. Griffin, R. W. and Pustay, M. W. (2006) International Business: A Managerial Perspective. London: Prentice Hall. Hay, R. (1995). Chinese-American Electronics Industry. Annual Survey. Kenna, P. (1994). Business China. Chicago: Passport Books. Kobrin, S. (1997). Foreign Direct Investment, Industrialization and Social change. MA: Jai Press. Robertson, C. (2002). The Benefits of FDI in China. Asia Monitor: China North East Monitor, Vol. 9, Issue 11. Wang, Y. (1998). Business Culture in China. Singapore: Butterworth-Heinemann Asia. Gopal, A. (2005). Research and Markets: Doing business in Shanghai. M2 Presswire. http://www.researchandmarkets.com/ Yin, C. (2007). China. World Factbook. http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications Ahmed, M. (2007). UAE. World Factbook. http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications Rashtchy, S. (2004). China Internet market. China Analyst, Vol. 1, No. 18. http://www.piperjaffray.com Redinger, T. (2003). Chinese Culture. Traditional Society and Culture. http://countrystudies.us/china/ Chang, L. (2004). China. Business Travel Guides. www.china-business-travel.com/travelguide Schumacher, W. (2003). National Guidelines in China. http://www.ilo.org/public/

Pros and Cons of the Reformation

Pros and Cons of the Reformation Pros and cons of the reformation The middle of the 1400s was period of dramatic change, marked with end of the age of chivalry as new forms of weapon were produced and a utilization of gunpowder transformed the traditional concept of knights in shining armor. Consequentially, the hierarchy of the nobility became unstable, their supremacy no longer marked by their ability to bear arms and defend their homeland. Within the same period, the supremacy of the upper-class took another blow when the printing press was invented, allowing more of the population to acquire the written word, now attainable and affordable. However, with these new developments into the proceeding centuries, the availability of copies of the Holy Bible and an increase in Church sandal led to an age of extreme superstition. In order to confront these issues and cope with the changing world, figures Martin Luther and John Calvin took noteworthy action within what is now known as the Protestant Reformation. Peaking in the 1500s, an overzealous church showed prominent internal problems. First, with the new translations of Scripture available, people began to take the Bible seriously again. However, bad translations or interpretations, such as in the case of Joshua slaughtering the Canaanites, made some readers believe that that would be allowable in their time as well (Joshua 10:40). Due to this ____, the Church began to think that the text was too dangerous and full of misunderstanding, necessitating a control of information given to the masses. Along those lines, the papacy decided that, as successors to Peter, no one would have the authority to question their authority since they have been divinely appointed. Since their power presumably comes from a special connection to God, authorities within the church used their positions to abuse that power. The most noticeable abuses of power were in not keeping with the code of the religious position, such as forgoing chastity in order to have ___ sexual relations, or placing relatives into positions of power. The most infamous corruption of this time was the Church stealing patrons’ money through indulgences, a remission of punishments for sins and forgiveness of its guilt through payment. Tetzel’s Sermon pg19 Church had religious, cultural, political, and economic power â€Å"The pope can do all things God can do.† Nicolaus de Tudeschis[1386-1445], famous Benedictine canonist and abbot,in â€Å"Commentaria† (lvi, 34) Therefore, in this time, religious faithful had a conception that God can be bribed for redemption. For fear of eternal damnation, people paid money to the Church in exchange for absolution of their sins, or those of their relatives, allowing entry into Heaven. Based on an idea similar to â€Å"Jesus offering Himself to appease His angry father,† the Church cashed in on the surplus of sins in their communities (Ranasinghe). However, with that thought, Martin Luther emerged with a counter argument, proposing that the death of Jesus is worth infinitely more than any human sin, so, with His supreme offering, the Church should not need any of the congregation’s money involved. In 1517, Luther wrote a letter to Archbishop Albert of Brandenburg, which included a copy of his 95 Theses, protests against clerical abuses of power such as the practice of indulgences. In the letter, Luther suggests that this sale of reconciliation and buying one’s way out of â€Å"all punishment and guilt† must have occurred without Albert’s â€Å"knowledge and consent,† hoping that reform may come from within the Church (26; 27). Perhaps starting the Protestant Reformation with his Theses, Luther’s small attempts at reforming the church quickly exploded into a revolution out of his control. In addition to challenging the church’s practice of selling indulgences, Luther proposed that Biblical Scripture should become its own sole authority, not determined by a church official such as the pope. Therefore, faith became more important than good works, advising that humans cannot become good people or pleasing in the eyes of the Lord by performing virtuous actions. Rather, Luther created a new view of God entirely, rather than the old church’s blasphemous conception of one that can be bribed. According to Luther, humans are subordinate to an angry God, due to Original Sin. Only able to be saved by God’s grace, the core of human sinfulness comes from the natural seeking of happiness, a sure sign of human depravity. Since trying to construct our own happiness and not turning to God, the only way to become a virtuous person is to realize that you are not capable of virtue and thereby dependent on God alone. Living on earth, children of God must observe human laws but know that they can never be just or worthy in His eyes. Crying out from the depths of human depravity, humans cannot know themselves as anything other than sinners ruled by their passions and vices. Both in the Bible and in the writings of Augustine, Luther agrees Christ would have â€Å"died in vain† if man were capable of virtue (Galatians 2:21). In order to remind ourselves of our sinfulness, the purpose of human laws and rulers is to make it impossible to maintain a clear conscience. Making humans feel guilty and aware of their own wickedness, Luther wanted to keep the faithful away from the dangerous illusion that they can live apart from God and remind them of how unworthy they are, so in no way capable of buying their way into Heaven. While Luther was a reformer, his ideas quickly had a life of their own, exploding and creating a revolutionary situation. People had uncontrollably angry reactions against the excesses of the Church, breaking the stained glass and destroying anything that spoke merely of the beauty of God. Thus, John Calvin constructed a new system out of the explosion, similarly whitewashing walls of the churchs and putting some pieces back together, transforming protestant Christianity into a reformed church based upon ideas of Luther. Calvin’s teachings were slightly different from Luther’s but maintained the same Protestant thought. He taught that human existence depends on God, predisposing an existence of a Creator and implying that the world is not of our own making. Therefore, under an omnipotent God, Calvin believed in predestination, a â€Å"doctrine† that God had pre-established and divinely ordered everything and that nothing, except perhaps God, can change it. Consequently, if a man is considered a good person, it is because he has been selected, out of everyone, by God to be good. Similarly, if he had been chosen to go to Hell, he is able to choose how to get there, but he cannot turn around and choose God, since God must choose him, a ___ called irresistible grace. Unable to deny or resist God’s Will, chosen or not, God’s foreknowledge also implies a state of limited atonement, where not all were â€Å"created on equal terms† and that Jesus died for the select few, not the many (219; 220). Pg 213-254 Good works are an evidence of faith and chosen-ness, works + faith = chosen (opp. Luther) We are unable to know the will of God; human curiosity, questioning is wicked â€Å"let us abstain from the search of knowledge , to which it is foolish as well as perilous and even fatal to aspire† (217) Church decides what is in the Bible, so turn to the Church for answers Luther doesn’t believe you need church, you can read Scripture for yourself Calvin: Scripture has authority, exists prior to the church (in the beginning was the word†¦and the word was with god) Church doesn’t form scripture, scripture forms the church, continually educates it Script. Is timeless, story progresses, conception of God gets increasingly sophisticated as people grow in faith, over lifetime Continually refined over course of history Scripture is an illustration, not a divine work†¦it contains divine Word, but the object itself isn’t divine. Words point beyond itself, reminder of something more important but not sacred itself (meaning > words) Pros of their actions Free thought, authority of word called into question Think for themselves now, interpret (Bible loses sacredness) Luther – believed that Bible has meaning that should be available to/understood by any intelligible person Calvin – scripture = interaction between human and mind of God through written text, interpretation allowed since word isn’t divine/only represents divine Set stage for future ages of reason, challenging authority Lessened power of the corrupt within the church Shut down monastaries, suspicious of stealing money, friars getting into mischief at nunneries (brothels) – Luther allowed priests/nuns to marry World changing view: nothing special about priests, mass (can be meaningful but not literal and blasphemous) Stopped the stealing of money, exposed the scandal of indulgences Patience for change – don’t cause a scandal with brash actions, restrain/reformation is exploding Calvin: human improvement is possible through divinely established institutions (scripture) Connects state, human community – live according to deeper understanding of word of God Cons Caused many wars, deaths (30 years’ war) Multitude of Protestant denominations that don’t agree on interpretations Luther picking and choosing what he wanted them to read Anti-semitism, pg 137-142 Pg. 140: sharp mercy like a physician Jews are source of lies, stubborn in scorn/contempt Pg. 66, September Bible/Luther’s preface Opposed to James’ Epistle†¦he chooses what’s good/isn’t Making sure they read it through his eyes More interested in OT, Gospel of John in NT Leave out stories of works, preachings Just wants Jesus, commitment to Word of God, not to His works/miracles (faith > works) Pro: Jesus also didn’t want people just following Him for his miracles Luther, not interested in humanity of Jesus. Humanity is inherently evil, selfish We’re all sinners in the hands of an angry God People think that bible in infallible Problem of the bible Old church was afraid people would understand/misinterpret parts of the bible (Solomon’s 700 wives) Luther insists that it is the exact word of God, not interpretations/metaphors â€Å"Proper christian attitude toward authority† We’re meant to suffer – state should contain our appetites, desires, manage our human sinfulness We can’t know ourselves, since we’re too sinful to know Rulers can know, mold us because they’re ordained Punishment, suffering makes us more virtuous, obedient à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   more humble Break you to reshape you, they know what’s good for us Trapped by form of reasoning, trying to control spiritual things by making them objects we can control Symptomatic of fallen-ness of humans Christians are free in one sense but slaves in another â€Å"mouths are gagged, soul is free† Tension with the problem of slavery – page 117 It’s okay because it’s in the Bible (Abraham) – â€Å"carnal† problem, soul is still free/Christian liberty Why we need to be ruled = make us unhappy, kill the illusion that we can be happy without God = only through suffering do we become virtuous A good ruler is a wicked ruler Show us how fallen, depraved, sinful our nature of humanity is No definite conclusion, a lot of good but a lot of monstrous evil as well Happiness understood in terms of unhappiness Unhappier we are, happier we can be Paradox: still seeking happiness by being unhappy Viscous cycle, divided against ourselves: I am a sinner, I don’t expect to be saved so I will be saved Understandings of God Old church: angry god that can be bribed with indulgences, not good works or faith Luther: angry god, focus on condemnation (like in the OT), God is merciless, can’t change destiny of our human sinfulness Erasmus: loving, forgiveness, humor, humility; human foolishness We hold upon this earth the place of God Almighty Pope Leo XIII Encyclical Letter of June 20, 1894 â€Å"Wherefore, thou seest that after the book hath gone forth through the hands of the great and abominable church, that there are many plain and precious things taken away from the book, which is the book of the Lamb of God,† (1 Nephi 13:28). The Pope is not only the representative of Jesus Christ, he is Jesus Christ himself, hidden under the veil of flesh. Catholic National July 1895. (Ranasinghe 1/28/14) http://www.trueorthodoxy.org/heretics_roman_catholics_pope_as_christ.shtml

Jack’s Transformation in Jack and the Beanstalk Essay -- Jack and the

Jack and the Beanstalk – Jack’s Transformation  Ã‚  Ã‚      "Jack and the Beanstalk" is an example of a Buildungsroman. As the tale progresses, Jack evolves from an immature person into a mature, self-assertive person. While minor differences exist in various versions of the tale, such as those between Joseph Jacobs' and Horace Elisha Scudder's versions, the tale can always be read as Jack's quest for maturity. Some critics, however, analyze the tale as one in which Jack remains spoiled and immature. While they make points which support their claims, careful analysis of the tale will reveal that Jack's struggle to grow up and to achieve maturity is representative of the difficult process of adolescent (especially male) maturation and the process of adolescent socialization.            Some critics, as previously stated, maintain that Jack does not mature or learn any lesson during the tale. For example, Nell B. Byers writes that Jack is "a fellow who makes what would not be thought of as a prudent investment; who is not above trickery in outwitting the giant's wife; who steals the giant's treasures; and who, having killed the giant, lives with his mother happily ever afterward in affluence" (26). Byers' statement would lead one to believe that Jack does not change very much. Granted, a literal reading of most versions of the tale supports Byers' statements. Jack appears to be an immature, spoiled brat, or worse. Yet, a deeper reading is required to fully understand the tale's meaning.            Another critic, William Mayne, comments on Jack's lack of maturity and morality in Joseph Jacobs' version of "Jack and the Beanstalk." In this version, Mayne claims that Jack "went up to another land where he had no right to be, and set o... ... Works Cited Bettelheim, Bruno. The Use of Enchantment: The Meaning and Importance of Fairy Tales. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1977. Byers, Nell B. "Porridge For Goldilocks." Education Digest March 1949: 25-26. Jacobs, Joseph. English Fairy Tales. 3rd ed. New York: Schocken Books, 1967. Mayne, William ed. Book of Giants. New York: E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1968. Scudder, Horace Elisha. "Jack and the Beanstalk." The Children's Hour: Folk Stories and Fables. Ed. Eva March Tappen. New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1907. 23-33. Utley, Francis Lee. Introduction. Once Upon a Time: On the Nature of Fairy Tales. By Max Luthi. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1970. 14-15. Wolfenstein, Martha. "Jack and the Beanstalk: An American Version." In Childhood in Contemporary Cultures. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1955. 243-45.   

A Midsummer Night?s Essay :: essays research papers

This play reaction is written about William Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream. The play is a comedy and it was copyrighted in 1974, it was published by the Houghton Mifflin Company. In this particular book the play starts on page 222 and ends on 246.The opening of the play is the reader finds out the basic environment that they’re in and the Duke (Theseus) is proclaiming that he shall be wed to the Queen of the Amazons (Hippolyta) in five days. The reader also learns (in the exposition) about most of the characters that are in the play. The exciting force basically begins when Egeus brings his daughter (Hermia) to the Duke, but she is already in love with Lysander. Hermia’s father is completely aware, and against the entire relationship between the two and he demands that Hermia be judged by the Duke and he tells her that if she doesn’t marry Demetrius (her fathers choice for a husband) she will die unless she wants to live her entire life a virgin. This situation results in the decision for Hermia and Lysander to elope, in a distant wood outside of Athens.When the couple elopes the admirers (people who have crushes on Hermia and Lysander) follow them into the woods where the climax takes place. Puck is sent out to give one Athean man a love potion. When Puck is sent out to do so he gave the potion to a sleeping and unaware Lysander. When Lysander awakes he saw Helena (the admirer of the admirer of Hermia, Demetrius) and falls completely in love with her. Meanwhile Hermia is wondering what happened to her love.In the falling action Puck fixes what he has done wrong , and all the lovers are extremely confused.Then all the couples marry one another and all live happily ever after. The main characters in the play are Hermia, Lysander, Helena, and Demetrius. Hermia is the daughter of Egeus and the mutual lover of Lysander. She is a very beautiful,nice, and free spirited girl. Lysander is madly an love with Hermia but Egeus says that he is not fit to be her suitor because Egeus believes that Lysander is just interested in . . . "play". In all actuality Lysander is really in love with Hermia. Helena is madly in love with Demetrius and there is nothing anyone can do to dissuade her in her feelings.

Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) Essay examples -- essays papers

What is the FTAA In 1994, the leaders of the thirty-four democratic countries of the Western Hemisphere launched the process of creating a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA). The FTAA will be established by 2010 with the aim of gradually eradicating barriers to trade and investment in the region. The final characteristics of the FTAA will be determined through negotiations by government officials from the thirty-four participating countries. The trade issues that are presently under discussion are: market access; investment; services; government procurement; dispute settlement; agriculture; intellectual property; antidumping, subsidies and countervailing duties; and competition policy. Guiding principles for these negotiations are (1) the agreement will be consistent with the rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO), (2) all countries will be participants in all parts of the agreement, and (3) the final agreement will build on the existing agreements in the region such as the Andean Commu nity and the Southern Cone Common Market (known by its Spanish acronym MERCOSUR). Guiding Principles of the Negotiations †¢ Decisions by consensus (one nation, one vote). †¢ Transparency. †¢ Consistent with rules and disciplines of the World Trade Organization. †¢ Commitment to improve on WTO rules and disciplines. †¢ Single undertaking with simultaneous negotiations in all issue areas. †¢ Co-existence with bilateral and sub-regional trade agreements. †¢ Countries negotiate and accept obligations individually or as members of sub-regional groups. †¢ Special attention to smaller economies and difference in levels of development. †¢ Rights and obligations shared by all countries. †¢ Countries to ensure that national laws and regulations conform to FTAA obligations. The central purpose of the FTAA is to promote economic growth and prosperity of the member countries by lowering barriers to trade and investment within the Western Hemisphere. According to the principles, it is a WTO plus agreement in the sense that the standards and disciplines of the WTO constitute the foundation on which the FTAA is to be constructed, but to be a success it must exceed these. In addition, the FTAA process co-exists with existing trade agreements and the sub-regional trade blocs can have a place at the negotiating table. As is also clear from the list of principles, th... ...p://www.stopftaa.org/info/info_maude.html) Cavanaugh, John. â€Å"Hemispheric Network for Just and Sustainable Trade and Development.† Inside NAFTA 6 (2000): 12-15. Foreign Trade Information System. 2001. Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) Process. [Online]. Available on the World Wide Web: (http://www.sice.oas.org/ftaa_e.asp) Global Exchange. 2000. Top Ten Reasons to Oppose the Free Trade Area of the Americas [online]. Available on the World Wide Web: (http://www.globalexchange.org/ftaa/topten.html) Hansen-Kuhn, Karen. 1996. Free Trade Area of the Americas [online]. Available from the World Wide Web: (http://www.foreignpolicy-infocus.org/briefs/vol1/ftaa.html) Nason, Jesse. 2000. FTAA Myths vs. Reality [online]. Available on the World Wide Web: (http://www.stopftaa.org/info/info_factmyth.html) Nason, Jesse. 2000. Straight from the Horse's Mouth: A critical look at what the FTAA says about itself. [Online]. Available from the World Wide Web: (http://www.stopftaa.org/info/info_quotes.html) Public Citizen: Global Trade Watch. 1999. Unveiling "NAFTA for the Americas" [online]. Available from World Wide Web: (http://www.stopftaa.org/info/info_publiccitizen.html) Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) Essay examples -- essays papers What is the FTAA In 1994, the leaders of the thirty-four democratic countries of the Western Hemisphere launched the process of creating a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA). The FTAA will be established by 2010 with the aim of gradually eradicating barriers to trade and investment in the region. The final characteristics of the FTAA will be determined through negotiations by government officials from the thirty-four participating countries. The trade issues that are presently under discussion are: market access; investment; services; government procurement; dispute settlement; agriculture; intellectual property; antidumping, subsidies and countervailing duties; and competition policy. Guiding principles for these negotiations are (1) the agreement will be consistent with the rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO), (2) all countries will be participants in all parts of the agreement, and (3) the final agreement will build on the existing agreements in the region such as the Andean Commu nity and the Southern Cone Common Market (known by its Spanish acronym MERCOSUR). Guiding Principles of the Negotiations †¢ Decisions by consensus (one nation, one vote). †¢ Transparency. †¢ Consistent with rules and disciplines of the World Trade Organization. †¢ Commitment to improve on WTO rules and disciplines. †¢ Single undertaking with simultaneous negotiations in all issue areas. †¢ Co-existence with bilateral and sub-regional trade agreements. †¢ Countries negotiate and accept obligations individually or as members of sub-regional groups. †¢ Special attention to smaller economies and difference in levels of development. †¢ Rights and obligations shared by all countries. †¢ Countries to ensure that national laws and regulations conform to FTAA obligations. The central purpose of the FTAA is to promote economic growth and prosperity of the member countries by lowering barriers to trade and investment within the Western Hemisphere. According to the principles, it is a WTO plus agreement in the sense that the standards and disciplines of the WTO constitute the foundation on which the FTAA is to be constructed, but to be a success it must exceed these. In addition, the FTAA process co-exists with existing trade agreements and the sub-regional trade blocs can have a place at the negotiating table. As is also clear from the list of principles, th... ...p://www.stopftaa.org/info/info_maude.html) Cavanaugh, John. â€Å"Hemispheric Network for Just and Sustainable Trade and Development.† Inside NAFTA 6 (2000): 12-15. Foreign Trade Information System. 2001. Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) Process. [Online]. Available on the World Wide Web: (http://www.sice.oas.org/ftaa_e.asp) Global Exchange. 2000. Top Ten Reasons to Oppose the Free Trade Area of the Americas [online]. Available on the World Wide Web: (http://www.globalexchange.org/ftaa/topten.html) Hansen-Kuhn, Karen. 1996. Free Trade Area of the Americas [online]. Available from the World Wide Web: (http://www.foreignpolicy-infocus.org/briefs/vol1/ftaa.html) Nason, Jesse. 2000. FTAA Myths vs. Reality [online]. Available on the World Wide Web: (http://www.stopftaa.org/info/info_factmyth.html) Nason, Jesse. 2000. Straight from the Horse's Mouth: A critical look at what the FTAA says about itself. [Online]. Available from the World Wide Web: (http://www.stopftaa.org/info/info_quotes.html) Public Citizen: Global Trade Watch. 1999. Unveiling "NAFTA for the Americas" [online]. Available from World Wide Web: (http://www.stopftaa.org/info/info_publiccitizen.html)

Approaches to Decision Making Essay

There are two common ways to make decisions regarding changes in an organization, especially when others are involved in the end result. The two ways would be to make decisions individually, making the decision by yourself or by creating a committee, getting others involved in the process. Knowing that something needs to change, means that there has been a problem identified, evaluating alternatives and then selecting the solution. Depending on the problem and the criteria that will be evaluated in making the final decision, this will play an important factor on whether individually making the decision is better than a group decision. When making decisions and changes that are going to effect many, it typically is better to make group decisions. For larger companies, it is typical that a committee or a team would be created. Bringing together individuals of the organization that would be effected by these changes. Having a committee involved in the decision brings more views, thoughts, past experiences and suggestions to the table to be evaluated for optimal solutions. Advantages of a group decision is there are more options contributed, the better chances that decisions made would be accepted by those involved in the decision as well. â€Å"Quantities and diversity of information are greatest when group members represent different specialities†. (Robbins, DeCenzo, & Coulter, 2011, p. 71). Finding a suitable solution is half of the battle, the next half would be implementation. By having a group decision enforced, will increase the success of changes since they were a part of it and will encourage change. In the example provided about budgetary concerns, it would be suggested that a committee be created with upper management from finance, human resources, and department managers to discuss how overhead such as employees, supplies and other capital costs are effecting our business. Before having the initial meeting it would be suggested for each manager to evaluate their department and be ready to give suggestion of where they would be able to make individual changes without sacrificing the well being of the patients care. Once all contributions are made from each department, hearing the options of solutions would allow the committee members to discuss the  changes and place value on which options could be most beneficial. Options like reducing employee head count or hours, re-evaluating vendors where supplies are purchased from, eliminating overtime costs by having back up staff available or changing processes by reducing paper trails and going electronic. Each of these will need to be analyzed on immediate consequences or benefits and what the longer term effects will be. The disadvantage of working with a committee is that there will prolong the process of making a decision, more meetings, more time and there could be more resistant from individuals that will need to be â€Å"talked into† this decision. In the example about making budget cuts, one could make the decision alone and not consult with any other departments. The individual making decisions to cut staff, supplies or capital costs would need to have a comprehensive understanding of all costs associated with the organization and what implications could be by reducing budgets. Even though it is just one person making the decision, it is very important to still do a thorough evaluation of what the problems are, evaluate multiple solutions and weigh the benefits or consequences of these changes. It would be very important to obtaining financial monthly statements/costs that are associated with each department. The benefit of making decisions solely is that multiple meetings would be eliminated, do not need to â€Å"sell† your idea or solution to others, and a decision could be made quicker which will save time and money for the organization. The disadvantages of making a decision like this where it effects a group, out weigh the benefits. You do not have access to others input and past experiences who have dealt with similar situations or hearing what concerns your management will have. By not including others, you have a higher chance of the decision not being welcomed by all and having resistant to the change and implementation. References: Robbins, S., DeCenzo, D., & Coulter, M. (2011). Fundamentals of Management: Essential Concepts and Applications (7th ed.).

The Way of Financial Capability Is Through Financial Literacy

The way of monetary Capability is by means of fiscal lit sequencecy Indian and Global Scenario Asst. Prof. Prajakta Joshi N-12, Maurya Vihar, Near Sahajanand friendship, Kothrud, Pune -38 Email emailprotected co. in Contact no. 9371207428 The way of monetary Capability is by with(predicate) monetary literacy Indian and Global Scenario Abstract In every last(predicate)(prenominal) floor of life lot tone challenges to dispatch certain fiscal decisions. monetary illiteracy is inability to make in pass watered judgments and impelling decisions regarding the use and counselling of coin and wealth which affects their family and alliance at co qualifyingal.It is design beta for a dry land to take go for monetary literacy in rate to improve the standard of society society and economy of the nation. pecuniary literacy is the raise of skills and familiarity that allows an someone to take appropriate pecuniary decisions. The object glass of the inquiry is to witness pecuniary literacy and its wideness. It similarly aims to understand the current monetary literacy initiatives that be taking place in India and some other parts of the innovation.fiscal literacy is to a greater extent cardinal in country like India where large chunk of creation is ignorant thence they do not deal s endt(p) access to formal monetary set up. This population has inadequacy of cognition close pecuniary cooking. The Indian presidency has insist on the need for monetary literacy and generating reliance among population who burnt their fingers by taking wrong decisions. The promotion of monetary literacy in developing countries is timely and stop be a win-win situation for poor good deal and pecuniary service providers alike.. monetary literacy skills rear end be applied everywhere to wit managing a wide range of individual, household, business, and fraternity resources. The effective fiscal literacy is the best tool to frie nd the society to contract with future needs as sluttish as to deal with contingencies. Key Words monetary literacy, pecuniary pedagogics, monetary designs, pecuniary planning knowledgeability monetary decisions elicit be morose task. Making financial choices by study savings or borrowing options with different raise rates and name structures can cause a certain level of discomfort.Sometimes a knowledge equal to(p) individual whitethorn need to rely on calculating machines or spreadsheets to make unfeignedly informed decisions. identifyment funds decision involves some amount of riskiness hence the number of investors atomic number 18 less(prenominal) as comp bed to the rate at which markets in India atomic number 18 suppuration. People hesitate to invest overdue to lack of sentiency and straightlaced knowledge of financial operate operational in market. This uncertainty is due to lack of reading and understanding of investment rudiments. Creati ng informed investor is the major challenge for constant increment of Indian economy.Investments may be in the form of fixed deposit, real estate, gold, mutual fund, bond and shargons. As per Indian scenario people be least interested in investment is share market due to lack of knowledge. Only 1% of Indian population is active investor in cracking market. Government of India has already interpreted steps to increase the ken and knowledge of the population through conglomerate investor fostering weapons platforms. fiscal literacy platforms that teach individuals how to spend keep back and budget responsibly.These initiatives should reach to the root level of Indian population. The sensory faculty should spread among the farmers that consist of 70% of Indian economy. Objective 1. To understand the financial literacy and its importance. 2. To learn close to the Initiatives for fiscal Literacy in the worldwide context of use. 3. To study the efforts taken by several(a) institutions for pecuniary Literacy in India. literature Review Lusardi and Mitche (2006, 2007), pack conducted basic financial literacy test for both U. S. nd other countries and their research shows that many adults do not understand the difference between escalate and simple interest the characteristics of financial assets much(prenominal)(prenominal) as stocks and bonds the benefits of portfolio diversification or the important features of their own mortgages, Social Security and subvention plans. Lusardi and Tufano( 2009), (van Rooij, Lusardi, and Alessie 2007), (Hastings and Tejeda-Ashton 2008) found that people with low financial literacy are more likely to throw away problems with debt, less likely to participate in the stock market and mutual funds.Previous research has found that financial literacy can give important implications for financial behavior. Ajay Tankha, Development adviser of Sa-dhan, a egotism help equiping conducted study in India related to f inancial literacy and indicated that nearly 96% of the population across the country felt that they would not go away for more than one year if at that place is a loss of income. Worthington, AC, Predicting financial literacy in Australia, Financial Services Review, 15(1), move 2006, 59-79, apply Logit models to predict financial literacy using the 2003 ANZ glance of Adult Financial Literacy in Australia.Factors examined hold gender, age, ethnicity, occupation, reading, income, savings and debt. The result shows Financial literacy is highest for persons gray between 50 and 60 years. Literacy is final for the unemployed, females, and those from a non-English speaking background with a low level of upbringing. explore methodological analysis The research paper is based on descriptive analysis. The secondary data sources are 1. Websites 2. World economic forum subject 3. Books 4. Journals Conceptual background Definition of Financial LiteracyFinancial Literacy is the kno wledge and ability of an individual to make informed and effective hood fill outment decision. Financial literacy can be achieved when a person develops financial knowledge and skill along with access to financial services, political relation policy, financial instruments and updates in revenue structure. Financial literacythe ability to process financial information and make informed decisions virtually individual(prenominal) payhas received growing attention in the developed world, and recently, in the developing world, as a potentially important determinant of household well- being.The term financial literacy is used often exactly many do not truly understand the definition. As Stone (2004) states, financial literacy is the ability to read, analyze, wipe out and communicate close to the personal financial conditions affecting corporeal well being (p. 1). The concept of financial literacy takes into consideration the ability to balance your get wind book or being able to read your financial statements. A bring out informed citizen can be more prudent in planning his personal finance consequently helps in beef up the countrys economy.It is important that people should accurately perceive their own economic decision Therefore there should be substantial contri plainlyion from government activity of India and other non- government organizations. Importance of financial literacy In recent years, financial literacy has gained the attention of a wide range of major banking companies, government agencies, grass-roots consumer and community interest free radicals, and other organizations.Interested groups, including policymakers, are concerned that consumers lack a work knowledge of financial concepts and do not nominate the tools they need to make decisions most advantageous to their economic well-being. Such financial literacy deficiencies can affect an individuals or familys day-to-day money management and ability to save for long-term goals s uch as buying a home, seeking higher education, or financing retirement. Ineffective money management can too result in behaviors that make consumers vulnerable to severe financial crises.Financial literacy allows people to increase and better manage their earnings and therefore better manage life events like education, illness, job loss or retirement. It besides resurrects understanding and sufferance of important political reforms, such as health care or allowance reforms. While the significance of financial literacy has not yet been fully articulated and recognised by the international development community or by policy makers and practitioners in developing countries measures to abet and improve financial education are becoming more frequent.The providers of financial literacy programmes are a diverse group that includes employers, the military, state cooperative address services, community colleges, faith-based groups, and community-based organizations. Commercial ba nks are also important providers of financial literacy education. All provided two of the forty-eight retail banks responding to a recent postdate by the Consumer crudeers standstill reported contributing to financial literacy efforts in some way.Many banks consider their engagement in this area a way to expatiate their customer base and promote goodwill, and such activities are often given brotherly consideration in examinations for compliance with the fellowship Reinvestment Act. International Scenario of Financial literacy The development in medical and technology field results in increase in life expectancy, except the person should also be prevail economically till he alive. Financial literacy has become an immensely popular lot of financial reform across the world to retain and increase the income for future survival.USA Financial literacy promotion was traveled early in 1908 in United State of America, Edward A. Filene open American deferred payment merger move ment to promote financial literacy in form of newsletters. .Some governments take over devoted efforts to improve financial literacy. In USA many state governments contain high aim students to take financial education courses the first such exigency took effect in Nevada in 1957. CNN gold has an large(p) overview of basic personal finance topics called Money 101. Each of the 23 topics includes several(prenominal) pages of information, and many of the subjects include an interactive calculator or tool.The national government has a website called MyMoney. gov, which is give to teaching all Americans the basics about financial education. American friendship of University Women Californias work with financial literacy program from 2008. They break developed sextet mental facultys for college students and women. As response to the recent financial crisis, the United States government set up the Presidents Advisory council on Financial Literacy in January 2008, charged with p romoting program that improves financial education at all levels of the economy.The Federal government also provides the Federal Citizen Information promenade, which offers justify (or cheap) publications on a variety of topics including finance.. Private foundations are also stepping up for promotion of financial literacy and its advantages. The Citi Foundation, funded by Citigroup, has supported a number of initiatives that fashion to improve financial literacy throughout the world. Currently, the program is headed by Microfinance Opportunities, a microenterprise resource oculus that promotes client-led microfinance, and Freedom from Hunger.Australia the commonwealth rely has offered education and financial literacy initiative to green and adult Australians. Since the 1930s, the bank has particularly focused on supporting the financial needs of young people through its Student affirming curriculum and the Dollars and Sense . Portland, Maine An Institute for Financial Liter acy is established in 2002. . It is nonprofit organization which supports financial literacy program. Indonesia In the developing world, the Indonesian government declared 2008 the year of financial education. europium and Central Asia Starting in 2005, the Europe and Central Asia Region of the World Bank initiated a pilot program in financial literacy, for the pilot program club countries review were conducted that includes six states of European union namely, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania and Slovakia plus the Russian compact and Azerbaijan, Croatia. The financial literacy initiative is currently being enforced by Pro Mujer (Bolivia), Teba Bank (South Africa), Al Amana (Morocco), Equity Building Society (Kenya), SEWA Bank (India), CARD Bank (the Philippines) and the Microfinance effect (Poland), among others.Indian Scenario of Financial literacy 65% Indians lack financial literacy, according to Financial Service freak Visa, recently came up with a surve y which declared India as one of the least financial literate countries among 28 countries. pic citation Visa this survey is conducted in the completion between February and April 2012 and interviewed 25,500 respondents in 28 countries including global superpowers like USA, Canada and Australia. Out of a assertable score of 100, Brazil topped the charts with a 50. 4 followed by Mexico with 47. 8, Australia with 46. 3, USA with 44 and Canada with 43. in top 5 general country ranking. India ranked 23rd as the report termed only 35% of Indian respondents as financially literate. In India, the check Bank of India launched an first initiative in 2007 to establish Financial Literacy and Credit instruction centers throughout the country which would offer free financial education and advise to urban and rural population. Initiatives taken for Financial Literacy in India In India Financial Literacy initiative taken by miscellaneous agencies to enhance financial capability of Indian population. These initiatives include 1. rbis initiative on Financial LiteracyInitiative taken by Reserve Bank of India, Reserve Bank of India has undertaken a wander titled Project Financial Literacy. The objective of this understand is to propogate information regarding the general banking concepts to several(a) target groups, including school and college students, women, rural and urban poor, defense personnel and senior citizens. The project has been designed to be implemented in two modules, one module focusing on the economy, rbi and its activities, and the other module on general banking. The material is created in English and other vernacular languages.The information is distributed to banks, local government, schools and colleges through presentations, pamphlets, brochures, films and also through RBIs website. The other measures implemented by Reserve Bank of India in this regards include conducting essay competition to promote financial awareness among school children on topic banking and finance. Recently RBI launched RBI Young Scholars award scheme for outstanding students in order to generate interest in creating awareness of banking sector of the country. 2. SEBIs initiative on Financial Literacy Securities sub Board of India has started financial education on a nationwide.To undertake financial education to unlike target segments viz. school students, college students, working executives, middle income group, home makers, retired personnel, self-importance help groups etc. , SEBI has empanelled Financial educator Resource Persons throughout India. The Resource Persons are given training on various aspects of finance and equipped with the knowledge about the financial markets. These SEBI Certified Resource Persons uprise workshops to these target segments on various aspects viz. savings, investment, financial planning, banking, damages, retirement planning etc.More than 3500 workshops have been already conducted in various states top a round two lakh and sixty thousand participants. Investor education programs are conducted by SEBI through investor associations all over the country. regional seminars are conducted by SEBI through various stakeholders viz. Stock Exchanges, Depositories, Mutual silver Association, Association of Merchant Bankers etc. SEBI has a dedicated website for investor education wherein study materials are available for dissemination. SEBI also publishes study materials in English and vernacular languages.Under Visit SEBI programme, direct and college students are encouraged to visit SEBI and understand its functioning. SEBI has recently set up SEBI Helpline in 14 languages wherein through a bell shape free number, investors across the country can access and seek information for redressal of their grievances and management on various issues. (ref. www. rbi. org) 3. IRDAS Initiatives on Financial Education Insurance regulative and Development Authority has taken various initiatives in the area of financial literacy. sense programmes have been conducted on television and receiving set and simple messages about the rights nd duties of policyholders, transmit available for dispute redressal etc have been propagated through television and radio as well as the print media in English, Hindi and 11 other Indian languages. IRDA conducts an annual seminar on policy holder protective covering and welfare and also partially sponsors seminars on insurance by consumer bodies. IRDA has done a pan India survey on awareness levels about insurance. IRDA has also brought out publications of Policyholder Handbooks as well as a diverting book series on insurance. A dedicated website for consumer education in insurance has been launched. 4. PFRDA Initiatives on Financial EducationThe subsidy depot Regulatory and Development Authority, Indias youngest governor has been engaged in spreading sociable security messages to the public. PFRDA has developed FAQ on pension off related t opics on its web, and has been associated with various non government organizations in India in taking the pension services to the disadvantaged community. PFRDAs initiatives have become more broad-based with direct passel publicity on NPS both as individual model through POPs and group models through Aggregators. PFRDA has issued advertisements in print media and electronic media through radio and television.PFRDA appointed intermediaries are called Aggregators who are directly responsible for pension awareness mostly in vernacular languages and in line with socio-economic sensibilities 5. Market diarrheaers Initiatives on Financial Education Commercial banks are realizing that they are missing out on large segment of financially illiterate and excluded segment of prospective customers. Major financial institutions are spreading awareness through Financial Literacy and Counseling Centers and Rural ego Employment Training Institutes on financial literacy.The objective of these c enters is to advise people on gaining access to the financial system including banks, creating awareness among the public about financial management, counseling people who are struggling to meet their repayment obligations and help them resolve their problems of indebtedness, back up in rehabilitation of borrowers in woe etc. Some of these credit counseling centers even train farmers/women groups to enable them to start their own income generating activities to earn a liable livelihood. Similarly, many Stock Exchanges, Broking Houses andMutual Funds have initiatives in the field of financial education through conducting of seminars, issuance of dos and donts, and newspaper campaigns. Insurance companies too, clear out campaigns and other educational activities for generic wine education in insurance. 6. opposite Measures Other than the Reserve bank and other regulators, various NGOs in the country are also spreading financial literacy in the country. Sanchayan is a NGO dedica ted exclusively to spreading financial literacy and awareness among the young person and adults from low-income background.Sanchayan conducts free workshops for the underprivileged youth on topics ranging from the basics of banking, credit tease and PAN cards to the investing in shares and mutual funds, so that these youth can become financially aware and also a part of the mainstream banking and financial services industry. Indian shallow of Microfinance for Women through its Citi Center for Financial Literacy (CCFL) has formed a interlock of partner organizations named National Alliance for Financial Literacy (NAFil) to take financial literacy as a movement across the country.Also Manndeshi Udyogini channel School for Rural Women HSBC has collaborated with Mann Vikas Samajik Sanstha in Satara to provide financial literacy and management skills to girls and women with no formal education Conclusion and Recommendations It is a need of an era to understand the concept of financi al literacy for quick progress of economy. The financial literacy is not restrict only to small savings but it is also useful for how to use credit responsibly, fund management, minimize financial risks, maximisation of profit and derive long-term benefits of investment.Financial literacy movements have already started globally. India has also made fast progress in the field of financial education through various programs initiated by government and other agencies. In this context the following recommendations are worth historied to increase the financial literacy of the country. 1. Financial literacy program should be the part of academic computer programme from primary education. 2. Special program should be designed for woman who develops the cultures in the family, this can be implemented through anganwadi teachers and self help groups. 3.In rural area program should be designed in regional language and should be presented in form of dramatics or street play for their bette r understanding. 4. In advance stage the programs on investment in capital market should be introduced in easy language for educated middleclass. 5. There is a scope for further study whether financial education programs are effective in improving financial literacy and financial behavior. REFERENCES 1. A Survey of the Banking Industry (July 2001) 2. Dean Roy Nash, monetary LITERACY AN INDIAN SCENARIO, Asian Journal of Research in Banking and Finance. 3. Eikmeier, B. J. (2007).Trends drive opportunities for financial planning for women. Journal of Financial Planning, 20(6),6. ry of Low-income Students Literature 4. Frenette M. & Robson, J. , (2011). Financial Literary of Low-income Students Literature 5. implications for financial education. Business Economics, 35-44. 6. Lusardi, A. (2009). Financial literacy, retirement planning, and retirement upbeat Lessons 7. Lusardi, A. (Jan 2007). Financial literacy and retirement preparedness present and 8. Lusardi, Annamaria, and Olivia S . Mitchell, 2006. Financial Literacy and Planning Implications for Retirement Wellbeing. Pension Research Council on the job(p) Paper no(prenominal) 1. viewed December 28, 2012. 9. Lusardi, Annamaria, and Peter Tufano. 2009. Debt Literacy, Financial Experiences, and Overindebtedness. 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